Argyle Gardens Upminster, Havering
163 addresses across 7 postcodes (RM14), about 820 m (0.5 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 21301732.
- Sales: 145 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £680,000 across 3 sales.
- Energy: 81 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 15, D: 49, E: 16).
- Flood: 1 address on its postcodes is in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band E; Band D in Havering costs £2,425 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 67% to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Upminster, about 620 m (0.4 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden, Clockhouse Gardens, is about 230 m away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.6 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.9 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 16 to 21 m above sea level.
- Noise: 62 of its 163 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Cranham Village Surgery, about 820 m (0.5 miles) away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 1,080 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 92% of households owned their home and 35% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 19 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often anti-social behaviour.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 3 | £680,000 | £630,000 | £720,000 |
| 2025 | 4 | £852,500 | £570,000 | £1,100,000 |
| 2024 | 4 | £677,500 | £600,000 | £750,000 |
| 2023 | 1 | £800,000 | £800,000 | £800,000 |
| 2022 | 4 | £735,000 | £549,500 | £810,000 |
| 2021 | 7 | £560,000 | £502,600 | £685,000 |
| 2020 | 7 | £575,000 | £485,000 | £645,000 |
| 2019 | 4 | £640,000 | £566,250 | £700,000 |
| 2018 | 3 | £500,000 | £500,000 | £618,000 |
| 2017 | 5 | £632,500 | £540,000 | £695,000 |
| 2016 | 6 | £581,500 | £415,000 | £645,000 |
| 2015 | 4 | £540,750 | £482,500 | £590,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 Mar 2026 | 155 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £720,000 | |
| 26 Jan 2026 | 54 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £680,000 | |
| 6 Jan 2026 | 8 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £630,000 | |
| 30 Oct 2025 | 34 RM14 3HJ | Detached | £1,060,000 | |
| 10 Oct 2025 | 47 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £645,000 | |
| 26 Aug 2025 | 32 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £1,100,000 | |
| 19 Feb 2025 | 57 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £570,000 | |
| 18 Jul 2024 | 87 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £630,000 | |
| 31 May 2024 | 6 RM14 3HJ | Terraced | £600,000 | |
| 28 Mar 2024 | 111 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £725,000 | |
| 14 Mar 2024 | 121 RM14 3EX | Detached | £750,000 | |
| 20 Dec 2023 | 37 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £800,000 | |
| 28 Feb 2023 | 34 RM14 3HJ | Detached | £600,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 9 Sep 2022 | 16 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £549,500 | |
| 13 Jul 2022 | 46 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £750,000 | |
| 7 Jul 2022 | 10 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £810,000 | |
| 23 May 2022 | 155 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £720,000 | |
| 30 Jun 2021 | 83 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £560,000 | |
| 30 Jun 2021 | 91 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £502,600 | |
| 25 Jun 2021 | 38 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £655,000 | |
| 18 Jun 2021 | 37 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £540,000 | |
| 3 Jun 2021 | 161 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £675,000 | |
| 25 Feb 2021 | 126 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £685,000 | |
| 24 Feb 2021 | 59 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £530,000 | |
| 11 Dec 2020 | 89 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £645,000 | |
| 4 Dec 2020 | 29 RM14 3HD | Semi-detached | £485,000 | |
| 1 Dec 2020 | 149 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £530,000 | |
| 21 Jul 2020 | 118 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £578,000 | |
| 20 Mar 2020 | 36 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £565,000 | |
| 2 Mar 2020 | 108 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £575,000 | |
| 13 Jan 2020 | 76 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £575,000 | |
| 28 Nov 2019 | 53 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £566,250 | |
| 6 Sep 2019 | 30 RM14 3HJ | Detached | £700,000 | |
| 29 Aug 2019 | 50 RM14 3HJ | Terraced | £695,000 | |
| 26 Jul 2019 | 105 RM14 3EX | Semi-detached | £585,000 | |
| 9 Nov 2018 | 9 RM14 3HD | Semi-detached | £500,000 | |
| 20 Apr 2018 | 31 RM14 3HD | Semi-detached | £500,000 | |
| 9 Mar 2018 | 124 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £618,000 | |
| 13 Nov 2017 | 70A RM14 3EX | Detached | £540,000 | |
| 5 Oct 2017 | 102 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £695,000 | |
| 13 Jul 2017 | 137 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £650,000 | |
| 7 Apr 2017 | 169 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £621,500 | |
| 6 Apr 2017 | 19 RM14 3HD | Semi-detached | £632,500 | |
| 24 Oct 2016 | 114 RM14 3EU | Semi-detached | £640,000 | |
| 18 Jul 2016 | 123 RM14 3EX | Detached | £580,000 | |
| 26 May 2016 | 31 RM14 3HD | Semi-detached | £415,000 | |
| 6 Apr 2016 | 50 RM14 3HJ | Terraced | £435,000 | |
| 24 Mar 2016 | 62 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £583,000 | |
| 22 Mar 2016 | 44 RM14 3HJ | Semi-detached | £645,000 | |
| 19 Nov 2015 | 61 RM14 3HH | Semi-detached | £482,500 |
Energy performance certificates
81 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 109 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (63); Bungalow, semi-detached (7); House, detached (6). Built: 1930-1949 (50); 1900-1929 (19); 1950-1966 (8). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (69); rented (private) (6).
Each home's certificates and sales (38 addresses)
- 9, Argyle Gardens
- 12, Argyle Gardens
- 19 Argyle Gardens
- 26, Argyle Gardens
- 30, Argyle Gardens
- 31, Argyle Gardens
- 36, Argyle Gardens
- 39, Argyle Gardens
- 40, Argyle Gardens
- 41, Argyle Gardens
- 44, Argyle Gardens
- 50, Argyle Gardens
- 60, Argyle Gardens
- 61, Argyle Gardens
- 63, Argyle Gardens
- 70, Argyle Gardens
- 70a, Argyle Gardens
- 71, Argyle Gardens
- 76, Argyle Gardens
- 79, Argyle Gardens
- 82, Argyle Gardens
- 83, Argyle Gardens
- 91, Argyle Gardens
- 94, Argyle Gardens
- 100, Argyle Gardens
- 102, Argyle Gardens
- 104, Argyle Gardens
- 105, Argyle Gardens
- 108, Argyle Gardens
- 114, Argyle Gardens
- 115, Argyle Gardens
- 123, Argyle Gardens
- 137, Argyle Gardens
- 139, Argyle Gardens
- 147, Argyle Gardens
- 151, Argyle Gardens
- 169, Argyle Gardens
- Denham, Argyle Gardens
Council tax
What each band costs in Havering in 2026-27: Band D £2,425 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,616 | £1,886 | £2,155 | £2,425 | £2,963 | £3,502 | £4,041 | £4,849 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band E (39% of about 1,970 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: yes, Cranham (council page). Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: yes, Havering.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Station Approach, Upminster, not permissioned (130 m)
- Station Approach, Upminster (Station Car Park), not permissioned (130 m)
- 45 Champion Road, Upminster, permissioned (810 m (0.5 miles))
Roadworks
No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 30 September 2026.
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 2 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| RM14 3EU | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 1 / 0 | unlikely |
| RM14 3EX | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 2 | unlikely |
| RM14 3HJ | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| RM14 3HD | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| RM14 3HH | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| RM14 3ET | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| RM14 3HS | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 163 addresses are between 16 m and 21 m above sea level (19 m on average); the ground rises about 5 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RM14 3ET | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| RM14 3EU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| RM14 3EX | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| RM14 3HD | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| RM14 3HH | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| RM14 3HJ | 100% | 94% | 94% | 0% |
| RM14 3HS | 100% | 67% | 67% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Upminster 5.0 million journeys in 2024–25 | 620 m (0.4 miles) |
| Emerson Park 303,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 3 km (1.9 miles) | |
| Ockendon 1.0 million journeys in 2024–25 | 4.4 km (2.7 miles) | |
| Underground, metro or tram | Upminster Underground Station | 620 m (0.4 miles) |
| Upminster Bridge Underground Station | 1.6 km (1 mile) | |
| Bus stops | 6 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 22 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Argyle Gardens Upminster | 160 m |
| Bus or coach station | Bus Station Lakeside | 7.5 km (4.7 miles) |
| Ferry terminal | Barking Riverside Pier Creekmouth | 10.7 km (6.7 miles) |
| Car parks | National Car Parks | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) |
| EV charging points | 2 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest 51 Corbets Tey Road | 750 m (0.5 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | London City Airport LCY | 15.2 km (9.4 miles) |
| Nearest large airport | London Stansted Airport STN | 36.6 km (23 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Cranham Village Surgery | 820 m (0.5 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 6 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Panchem Pharmacy | 530 m (0.3 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 6 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest 163 St Marys Lane | 530 m (0.3 miles) |
| Hospital | Spire Hartswood Hospital | 5.5 km (3.4 miles) |
| Police station | Hornchurch Police Station | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) |
| Cash machines | 1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Costcutter Cashzone | 600 m (0.4 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Clockhouse Gardens 1.3 ha | 230 m |
| Play area | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,590 m² | 740 m (0.5 miles) |
| Playing field | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Upminster Park 6.9 ha | 710 m (0.4 miles) |
| Allotments | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Ashvale Gardens Allotments 1.5 ha | 730 m (0.5 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 1 park or garden, 1.3 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Church of St Laurence, a listed building (Grade I), 720 m (0.4 miles) west. 13 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade I and 1 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Church of St Laurence | Listed building, Grade I | 720 m (0.4 miles) west |
| Upminster Windmill | Listed building, Grade II* | 940 m (0.6 miles) west |
| Medieval grange barn, 228m south-east of Upminster Court | Scheduled monument | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) north |
| Upminster Court | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) north |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Spring Wood | Wood | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) south |
| Middle Wood | Wood | 1.4 km (0.8 miles) south-east |
| Bonus Wood | Wood | 1.6 km (1 mile) south-east |
| Hobbs Hole | Lake or reservoir | 1.7 km (1 mile) south-east |
| Franks Wood | Wood | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) north-east |
| Clay Tye Hill | Hill | 2.5 km (1.5 miles) east |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 12.6 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.9 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 12.7 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 60 to 64 | 10 | 0 |
| 55 to 59 | 52 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 101 | 163 |
62 of the street's 163 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Havering: see them on the Havering page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Coopers' Company and Coborn School Christian | Secondary | 11–18 | 140 m | Report card (May 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Strong standard; Achievement: Strong standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Upminster Infant School | Primary | 5–7 | 550 m (0.3 miles) | Good (Nov 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Upminster Junior School | Primary | 7–11 | 550 m (0.3 miles) | Report card (Apr 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Strong standard; Achievement: Strong standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| St Joseph's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 680 m (0.4 miles) | Good (Nov 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| The James Oglethorpe Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 920 m (0.6 miles) | Good (Jun 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Hall Mead School | Secondary | 11–16 | 950 m (0.6 miles) | Outstanding (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Sacred Heart of Mary Girls' School Roman Catholic | Secondary | 11–18 | 1 km (0.6 miles) | No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Outstanding; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Outstanding |
| Gaynes School | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) | Good (Nov 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Branfil Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | No published inspection |
| Engayne Primary School | Primary | 5–11 | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) | No published inspection |
| Emerson Park Academy | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accent Catering @ Coopers Company & Coburn School RM14 3HS | School/college/university | 140 m | 5 Very good | 19 Nov 2024 |
| Royal British Legion RM14 3HL | Pub/bar/nightclub | 160 m | 3 Generally satisfactory | 14 May 2026 |
| St Mary's Food & Wine RM14 3HL | Retailers - other | 160 m | 4 Good | 28 Aug 2024 |
| Sushi Daily RM14 3BU | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 360 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| N Family Club RM14 3BT | School/college/university | 430 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 24 Aug 2026 |
| Kushoom Bugh RM14 3BT | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 430 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 31 Jul 2025 |
| Abigails Cafe RM14 3BU | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 16 Oct 2025 |
| Little Express RM14 3BU | Retailers - other | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 8 May 2026 |
| Village Indian Dining RM14 3BU | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 28 May 2025 |
| Kyice's Kitchen RM14 3BU | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 31 Jul 2025 |
| Kaani Kaana RM14 3BU | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 30 Jul 2025 |
| Caprinos Pizza RM14 3BU | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 4 Good | 9 Jan 2026 |
| Save Room RM14 3BT | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 450 m (0.3 miles) | Awaiting inspection | |
| Migo RM14 3BU | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 460 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 20 Feb 2026 |
| Upminster Masonic Hall Co Ltd RM14 1DF | Pub/bar/nightclub | 470 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 17 Aug 2026 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
| Vehicle crime | 5 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
| Robbery | 1 |
| Burglary | 1 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Argyle Gardens (10); On or near New Place Gardens (4); On or near Aylett Road (2); On or near Cedar Gardens (2); On or near Derham Gardens (1).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 47 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 18% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 23% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 92% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 51% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 2% | 17% |
| Private rented | 6% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 57% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 4% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 29% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 1% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 49% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 32% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 11% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 12% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 5% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 60% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 4% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 35% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 11% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 6% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 96% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | under 1% | 2% |
Deprivation
The 3 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 9 to 10 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Postcodes on this street
- RM14 3EU: 44 addresses of 45 in the postcode
- RM14 3EX: 43 addresses of 44 in the postcode
- RM14 3HJ: 35 addresses
- RM14 3HD: 20 addresses
- RM14 3HH: 19 addresses
- RM14 3ET: 1 address of 24 in the postcode
- RM14 3HS: 1 address of 7 in the postcode
Nearby streets
New Place Gardens · Aylett Road · Cedar Gardens · Garbutt Road · Derham Gardens · St Lawrence Road · Constable Mews · Tudor Gardens
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.