Ashdown Close Birmingham

22 addresses across 2 postcodes (B13), about 80 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 2703010.

  • Sales: 37 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £170,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 15 homes have an energy certificate (C: 8, D: 6, E: 1).
  • Flood: 2 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Birmingham costs £2,363 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Hall Green, about 2.5 km (1.5 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Highbury Park, is about 810 m (0.5 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.6 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 155 to 156 m above sea level.
  • Noise: None of its addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Moseley Medical Centre, about 600 m (0.4 miles) away, with 7 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 310 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 77% of households owned their home and 67% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 47 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often vehicle crime.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20251£170,000£170,000£170,000
20241£180,000£180,000£180,000
20232£173,000£171,000£175,000
20221£189,950£189,950£189,950
20201£158,000£158,000£158,000
20192£101,500£50,000£153,000
20181£135,000£135,000£135,000
20152£115,000£110,000£120,000
20121£96,500£96,500£96,500
20101£115,500£115,500£115,500
20091£71,250£71,250£71,250
20074£122,500£95,250£127,000
Most recent sales (37)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
19 Dec 202520 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£170,000Leasehold.
10 Jan 202411 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£180,000Leasehold.
14 Apr 202314 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£171,000Leasehold.
27 Feb 20239 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£175,000Leasehold.
4 Nov 20228 B13 9STTerraced£189,950Leasehold.
10 Feb 20208 B13 9STTerraced£158,000Leasehold.
26 Sep 201917 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£50,000Leasehold.
5 Apr 201911 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£153,000Leasehold.
13 Jun 201812 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£135,000Leasehold.
16 Dec 201520 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£120,000Leasehold.
10 Jul 201511 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£110,000Leasehold.
31 Jan 20125 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£96,500Leasehold.
22 Oct 201015 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£115,500Leasehold.
7 Apr 200916 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£71,250Leasehold.
15 Jun 200716 B13 9STTerraced£127,000Leasehold.
15 Jun 200716 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£95,250New build. Leasehold.
2 May 20075 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£125,000Leasehold.
12 Jan 20074 B13 9STTerraced£120,000Leasehold.
18 Aug 20061 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£105,000Leasehold.
9 Aug 20061 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£83,500Leasehold.
30 May 20038 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£88,000Leasehold.
15 Mar 200217 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£59,950Leasehold.
20 Jul 20019 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£68,000Leasehold.
13 Jul 20018 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£60,000Leasehold.
12 Jul 200116 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£63,000Leasehold.
11 May 20017 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£64,000Leasehold.
1 Sep 19996 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£44,000Leasehold.
16 Apr 199910 B13 9STTerraced£47,000Leasehold.
5 Mar 19993 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£45,000Leasehold.
5 Mar 19999 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£41,750Leasehold.
30 Apr 19982 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£45,000Leasehold.
9 Dec 199721 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£39,500Leasehold.
15 Aug 19973 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£33,062Leasehold.
31 Jul 199715 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£37,000Leasehold.
11 Jun 19979 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£37,000Leasehold.
27 Mar 199710 B13 9STTerraced£39,950Leasehold.
7 Jul 199518 B13 9STFlat or maisonette£33,000Leasehold.

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026 (load in progress). Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from November 2008 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

15 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 55 m². Most common: Flat (10); Maisonette, semi-detached (4); Maisonette, not recorded (1). Built: 1967-1975 (7); 1950-1966 (5); 1976-1982 (3). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (8); rented (private) (5).

Council tax

What each band costs in Birmingham in 2026-27: Band D £2,363 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,575£1,838£2,100£2,363£2,888£3,413£3,938£4,726

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (29% of about 720 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): CITY WIDE HMO.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 22 September 2026: BT, Remedial works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway, carriageway (minor works)
  • 10 August 2026 to 26 August 2026: CADENT GAS LIMITED, Utility asset works, multi-way signals, on the footway, carriageway (major works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 2 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 3 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
B13 9STnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 2 unlikely
B13 9SDnot in 2 or 3 2 / 0 / 1 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 22 addresses are between 155 m and 156 m above sea level (156 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
B13 9SD100%100%100%0%
B13 9ST100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsHall Green 339,000 journeys in 2024–252.5 km (1.5 miles)
Yardley Wood 409,000 journeys in 2024–252.8 km (1.7 miles)
Spring Road 162,000 journeys in 2024–253 km (1.9 miles)
Bus stops2 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 22 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Colmore Crescent Wake Green240 m
Bus or coach stationBirmingham Coach Station Digbeth3.9 km (2.4 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Moseley Village Car Park780 m (0.5 miles)
EV charging points18 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Shell Recharge Charging Station750 m (0.5 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsBirmingham Airport BHX9.2 km (5.7 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries7 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Moseley Medical Centre600 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Chemycare Pharmacy600 m (0.4 miles)
NHS dentists4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Mango Tree Dental660 m (0.4 miles)
HospitalMoseley Hall Hospital1 km (0.6 miles)
Police stationKings Heath Police Station790 m (0.5 miles)
Cash machinesATM840 m (0.5 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or gardenHighbury Park 28 ha810 m (0.5 miles)
Play area2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 170 m²450 m (0.3 miles)
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.2 ha730 m (0.5 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Billesley Lane Allotments 5,650 m²390 m

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Burnt mounds at Moseley Bog, 380m north east of Moseley New Pool, a scheduled monument, 1.3 km (0.8 miles) east. 26 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Burnt mounds at Moseley Bog, 380m north east of Moseley New PoolScheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) east
Highbury HallRegistered park or garden, Grade II1.3 km (0.8 miles) west
Cannon Hill ParkRegistered park or garden, Grade II*2 km (1.2 miles) north-west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Coldbath PoolLake or reservoir790 m (0.5 miles) south-east
Moseley New PoolLake or reservoir1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Mill PondLake or reservoir1.8 km (1.1 miles) east
Edgbaston PoolLake or reservoir3.2 km (2 miles) north-west
Camp WoodWood3.7 km (2.3 miles) west
Round PoolLake or reservoir4.2 km (2.6 miles) east

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)12.94010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.6205
Particles (PM10)11.64015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
Under 552222

None of the street's 22 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic or railways.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Birmingham: see them on the Birmingham page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Moseley Church of England Primary SchoolPrimary4–11410 m (0.3 miles) No overall grade (Dec 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good
Kings Heath Primary SchoolPrimary3–11590 m (0.4 miles) Good (Apr 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
King David Primary School JewishPrimary3–11750 m (0.5 miles) Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Queensbridge SchoolSecondary11–16800 m (0.5 miles) Good (Oct 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
St Martin de Porres Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary4–11890 m (0.6 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Bishop Challoner Catholic College Roman CatholicSecondary11–18930 m (0.6 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
St Dunstan's Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) Good (Jun 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Swanshurst SchoolSecondary11–191.1 km (0.7 miles) No published inspection
Park Hill Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.3 km (0.8 miles) No published inspection
Wheelers Lane Technology CollegeSecondary11–161.3 km (0.8 miles) No overall grade (Feb 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Outstanding; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Outstanding
Anderton Park Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.4 km (0.8 miles) No published inspection
Wheelers Lane Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.4 km (0.9 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Westholme Residential Home B13 9SSHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises90 m4 Good2 Dec 2011
Grove Avenue B13 9RYHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises220 m5 Very good9 Jun 2009
Class Ltd T/A Prospect House B13 9TBHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises290 m5 Very good27 Nov 2012
One Stop B13 9RNRetailers - other320 m5 Very good24 Feb 2022
Moseley Tennis Club B13 9QTOther catering premises350 m5 Very good4 Oct 2017
Lisa & Pann B13 9RDRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen370 m5 Very good9 Jul 2026
Ashley Lodge B13 9SJHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises400 m (0.2 miles)5 Very good27 Nov 2024
The outdoor cooking club cic B13 9ULMobile caterer470 m (0.3 miles)Awaiting inspection
Ascot Lodge B13 9ENHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises470 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good2 Dec 2011
Oxford Lodge B13 9EHHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises480 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good30 Jul 2010

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

47 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Vehicle crime20
Violence and sexual offences13
Burglary4
Other theft4
Criminal damage and arson2
Public order2
Drugs2

Most of these are attached to: On or near Prospect Road (11); On or near Blenheim Road (6); On or near Greenhill Road (5); On or near Ashdown Close (5); On or near Cotton Lane (5).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 309 residents in 136 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age4540
Children under 1518%17%
Aged 65 and over20%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)77%61%
Owned outright47%33%
Shared ownership0%1%
Social rented7%17%
Private rented16%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work60%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)8%6%
Retired (of adults)24%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)0%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)38%32%
Travel to work by car or van47%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tramunder 1%4%
By any public transport, including bus5%8%
On foot or by bicycle9%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)88%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away3%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)67%34%
No qualifications5%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification4%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)97%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all0%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 6 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Greenhill Road · Poulton Close · Ritchie Close · Prospect Road · Oxford Road · Grove Avenue · Northlands Road · Thornley Close · St Agnes Road · Blenheim Road · Cotton Lane · Westlands Road

All the streets in B13 and across Birmingham.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.