Bearncroft Digmoor, West Lancashire

202 addresses across 4 postcodes (WN8), about 1.8 km (1.1 miles) long. USRN 43300644.

  • Sales: 105 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £120,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 106 homes have an energy certificate (C: 50, D: 48, E: 8).
  • Flood: 8 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in West Lancashire costs £2,456 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 0% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Upholland, about 1.8 km (1.1 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 750 m (0.5 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.0 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 68 to 75 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 60 of its 202 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Excel Primary Care, about 180 m away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 830 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 35% of households owned their home and 15% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 295 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20261£120,000£120,000£120,000
20241£75,000£75,000£75,000
20231£77,000£77,000£77,000
20223£90,000£83,000£104,000
20214£82,000£80,000£90,000
20201£65,000£65,000£65,000
20191£88,000£88,000£88,000
20182£64,500£57,000£72,000
20173£50,000£45,000£60,000
20152£54,000£44,000£64,000
20141£65,000£65,000£65,000
20132£34,000£30,000£38,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 105)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
24 Jul 2026122 WN8 9HGTerraced£77,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
27 May 202652 WN8 9HGTerraced£120,000
1 May 202676 WN8 9HGTerraced£98,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
22 Apr 2025167 WN8 9HFTerraced£72,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
20 Nov 2024167 WN8 9HFTerraced£52,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
20 Sep 202489 WN8 9HDTerraced£75,000
15 Jan 2024173 WN8 9HFTerraced£61,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
2 Nov 2023139 WN8 9HFTerraced£72,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
27 Mar 2023117 WN8 9HFTerraced£77,000
31 Aug 202246 WN8 9HGTerraced£104,000
27 Jun 2022139 WN8 9HFTerraced£67,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
14 Apr 2022107 WN8 9HFTerraced£90,000
18 Mar 202291 WN8 9HDTerraced£83,000
15 Dec 202144 WN8 9HGTerraced£82,000
8 Oct 202157 WN8 9HETerraced£90,000
19 Aug 202176 WN8 9HGTerraced£80,000
17 Feb 2021155 WN8 9HFTerraced£82,000
17 Aug 202026 WN8 9HGOther£60,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
3 Feb 2020136 WN8 9HGTerraced£65,000
18 Apr 201966 WN8 9HGTerraced£88,000
11 Dec 201876 WN8 9HGTerraced£57,000
16 Mar 201815 WN8 9HETerraced£72,000
18 Dec 2017145 WN8 9HFTerraced£45,000
16 Aug 2017159 WN8 9HFTerraced£50,000
23 Jun 201722 WN8 9HGTerraced£60,000
23 Oct 2015104 WN8 9HGTerraced£44,000
7 Aug 201550 WN8 9HGTerraced£64,000
31 Oct 2014106 WN8 9HGTerraced£65,000
23 Dec 2013153 WN8 9HFTerraced£40,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
23 Aug 201399 WN8 9HFTerraced£38,000
22 Feb 201333 WN8 9HETerraced£30,000
4 May 2012171 WN8 9HFTerraced£31,000
23 Sep 201133 WN8 9HETerraced£41,500
22 Nov 201084 WN8 9HGTerraced£70,000
14 Oct 201089 WN8 9HDTerraced£35,000
18 Jun 201066 WN8 9HGTerraced£80,000
28 Sep 200978 WN8 9HGTerraced£73,000
21 Sep 2009100 WN8 9HGTerraced£73,500
2 Oct 200888 WN8 9HGTerraced£99,500
9 Jun 20085 WN8 9HESemi-detached£36,285
3 Apr 2008167 WN8 9HFTerraced£56,000
14 Mar 200896 WN8 9HGTerraced£89,000
8 Jan 2008114 WN8 9HGTerraced£85,000
27 Nov 2007122 WN8 9HGTerraced£100,000
2 Nov 200780 WN8 9HGTerraced£83,000
29 Aug 200735 WN8 9HETerraced£61,000
25 Jul 200742 WN8 9HGTerraced£85,000
12 Dec 200699 WN8 9HFTerraced£57,000
27 Oct 200630 WN8 9HGTerraced£78,000
18 Aug 20063 WN8 9HESemi-detached£65,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from November 2008 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

106 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 84 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (66); House, end-terrace (36); Flat (4). Built: 1967-1975 (81); 1950-1966 (19); 1976-1982 (5). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (52); owner-occupied (32); rented (private) (15).

Each home's certificates and sales (34 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in West Lancashire in 2026-27: Band D £2,456 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,637£1,910£2,183£2,456£3,002£3,548£4,094£4,912

Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band A (97% of about 1,490 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the 2 neighbourhoods (census areas of about 700 homes each) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 26 August 2026 to 27 August 2026: BT, Remedial works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway, verge (minor works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 3 addresses are in areas at high risk, 5 at medium risk and 9 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
WN8 9HGnot in 2 or 3 1 / 2 / 4 unlikely
WN8 9HFnot in 2 or 3 0 / 1 / 2 unlikely
WN8 9HEnot in 2 or 3 2 / 2 / 3 unlikely
WN8 9HDnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 202 addresses are between 68 m and 75 m above sea level (71 m on average); the ground rises about 7 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
WN8 9HD100%0%0%0%
WN8 9HE100%63%0%0%
WN8 9HF100%48%0%0%
WN8 9HG100%60%0%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsUpholland 28,000 journeys in 2024–251.8 km (1.1 miles)
Rainford 26,000 journeys in 2024–253 km (1.9 miles)
Orrell 98,000 journeys in 2024–253.6 km (2.2 miles)
Bus stops3 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 22 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Bearncroft Digmoor230 m
Bus or coach stationConcourse Skelmersdale1.5 km (1 mile)
Car parksSkelmerdale Truck Parking Ltd.1.1 km (0.7 miles)
EV charging points7 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest bp pulse Charging Station270 m
Airport with scheduled flightsLiverpool John Lennon Airport LPL23.4 km (15 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Excel Primary Care180 m
Pharmacies3 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Rowlands Pharmacy310 m
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Digmour Dental Practice320 m
HospitalFairfield Hospital6.1 km (3.8 miles)
Police stationSkelmersdale Police Station1.5 km (1 mile)
Cash machines3 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest ATM250 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.4 ha750 m (0.5 miles)
Play area3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 280 m²360 m
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 4,610 m²420 m (0.3 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Birleywood 2,830 m²440 m (0.3 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 1 park or garden, 1.4 hectares in all.

Landmarks

7 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Delf CloughValley1.2 km (0.8 miles) north
Carr Lane WoodWood1.3 km (0.8 miles) north-east
Balcony WoodWood1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Ashhurst's HillHill3 km (1.9 miles) north
Abbey LakesLake or reservoir3.1 km (1.9 miles) east
Goose IslandIsland4.9 km (3.1 miles) north-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)12.94010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.0205
Particles (PM10)12.44015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
60 to 6410
55 to 59590
Under 55142202

60 of the street's 202 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for West Lancashire: see them on the West Lancashire page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Bishop Martin Church of England Primary SchoolPrimary2–11120 m No published inspection
St Francis of Assisi Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary2–11350 m No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Little Digmoor Primary SchoolPrimary3–11610 m (0.4 miles) No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Requires improvement
Moorside Community Primary Academy SchoolPrimary2–11670 m (0.4 miles) Good (Mar 2020, overall grade under the previous framework)
Holland Moor Primary SchoolPrimary2–11910 m (0.6 miles) Good (Feb 2020, overall grade under the previous framework)
Hillside Community Primary SchoolPrimary4–11940 m (0.6 miles) Good (Jul 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Delph Side Community Primary SchoolPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good
St John's Catholic Primary School, Skelmersdale Roman CatholicPrimary2–111.5 km (1 mile) No published inspection
Crawford Village Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Bishop Martin School F'dation Stage WN8 9BNSchool/college/university120 m5 Very good1 Jul 2026
Cafe Amore WN8 9HPRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen220 m5 Very good4 Mar 2025
Singh's Store WN8 9LXRetailers - other290 m5 Very good4 Dec 2023
Go Local Extra WN8 9HRRetailers - other310 m1 Major improvement necessary25 Feb 2025
Morrisons Daily WN8 9HRRetailers - other310 m5 Very good12 Oct 2026
Digmoor Fish Bar WN8 9HRTakeaway/sandwich shop310 m4 Good25 Feb 2025
Cappy 7 Days Ltd WN8 9HRRetailers - other310 m4 Good20 Mar 2025
Evermoor Enterprises WN8 9HROther catering premises310 mExempt
The Red Dragon WN8 9HPRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen320 m1 Major improvement necessary25 Mar 2025
Pizza Hot Charcoal Grill WN8 9HPTakeaway/sandwich shop320 m5 Very good15 Jun 2025
The Polaris WN8 9AZPub/bar/nightclub380 m5 Very good26 Feb 2025
Arlo’s Kitchen WN8 9HRTakeaway/sandwich shop390 m3 Generally satisfactory26 Mar 2025
Target Stores WN8 9ERRetailers - other400 m (0.2 miles)3 Generally satisfactory19 Jan 2024
Bargain Booze WN8 9AJRetailers - other450 m (0.3 miles)3 Generally satisfactory20 Feb 2026
Velvet Shakes WN8 9ANRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen480 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good17 Apr 2025

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

295 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences135
Anti-social behaviour47
Criminal damage and arson26
Other crime15
Drugs13
Public order12
Other theft11
Vehicle crime11
Possession of weapons8
Burglary7
Shoplifting6
Robbery4

Most of these are attached to: On or near Parking Area (115); On or near Beechtrees (70); On or near Beechtrees Mews (64); On or near Digmoor Road (46).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 825 residents in 324 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3340
Children under 1522%17%
Aged 65 and over11%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)35%61%
Owned outright18%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented43%17%
Private rented21%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work54%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)8%6%
Retired (of adults)12%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)8%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)8%32%
Travel to work by car or van53%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tramunder 1%4%
By any public transport, including bus3%8%
On foot or by bicycle26%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)77%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away2%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)15%34%
No qualifications32%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification6%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)84%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all5%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhoods around this street are all in decile 1 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Belfield · Clay Brow Road · Blakehall · Beavers Way · Belfield · Beavers Lane · Beechtrees · Nixons Lane · Potter Close · Newlyn Drive · Miller Close · Acregate

All the streets in WN8 and across West Lancashire.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.