Broadbent Road Oldham
60 addresses across 5 postcodes (OL1,OL4), about 500 m (0.3 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 29400569.
- Sales: 75 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £149,700 across 3 sales.
- Energy: 39 homes have an energy certificate (B: 2, C: 8, D: 18, E: 10, F: 1).
- Flood: 5 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Oldham costs £2,602 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Greenfield, about 5.4 km (3.3 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden, Stoneleigh Park, is about 400 m (0.2 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.0 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 210 to 236 m above sea level.
- Noise: 18 of its 60 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Springfield House, about 910 m (0.6 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 1,560 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 59% of households owned their home and 18% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 3 | £149,700 | £128,000 | £155,000 |
| 2024 | 1 | £72,000 | £72,000 | £72,000 |
| 2023 | 1 | £85,000 | £85,000 | £85,000 |
| 2022 | 2 | £93,000 | £60,000 | £126,000 |
| 2021 | 3 | £95,000 | £83,000 | £250,000 |
| 2020 | 4 | £106,500 | £87,000 | £125,000 |
| 2019 | 2 | £121,625 | £67,000 | £176,250 |
| 2018 | 4 | £76,500 | £72,000 | £118,000 |
| 2017 | 1 | £77,500 | £77,500 | £77,500 |
| 2014 | 2 | £60,000 | £57,000 | £63,000 |
| 2012 | 2 | £80,000 | £50,000 | £110,000 |
| 2008 | 1 | £117,000 | £117,000 | £117,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 Aug 2025 | 115 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £149,700 | Leasehold. |
| 13 Aug 2025 | 80 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £128,000 | |
| 7 Feb 2025 | 86 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £113,500 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 3 Jan 2025 | 102 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £155,000 | Leasehold. |
| 1 May 2024 | 20 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £72,000 | Leasehold. |
| 19 Jan 2024 | 102 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £65,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 18 Dec 2023 | 111 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £85,000 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Jul 2023 | 80 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £125,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 13 Dec 2022 | 92 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £60,000 | Leasehold. |
| 26 Aug 2022 | 8 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £126,000 | Leasehold. |
| 17 Dec 2021 | 1, BROADBENT BARN OL1 4HZ | Semi-detached | £250,000 | |
| 26 Jul 2021 | 110 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £95,000 | Leasehold. |
| 9 Jul 2021 | 119 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £160,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 19 Feb 2021 | 56 OL1 4HY | Other | £106,250 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 5 Feb 2021 | 2, BROADBENT BARN OL1 4HZ | Other | £250,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 25 Jan 2021 | 22 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £83,000 | Leasehold. |
| 14 Dec 2020 | 108 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £87,000 | Leasehold. |
| 30 Sep 2020 | 80 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £88,000 | |
| 14 Sep 2020 | 60 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £125,000 | Leasehold. |
| 30 Jun 2020 | 58 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £125,000 | Leasehold. |
| 20 Dec 2019 | 96 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £67,000 | Leasehold. |
| 17 Dec 2019 | 114 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £79,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 13 Dec 2019 | 54 OL1 4HY | Semi-detached | £176,250 | Leasehold. |
| 4 Jul 2018 | 56 OL1 4HY | Semi-detached | £82,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 15 Jun 2018 | 78 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £118,000 | Leasehold. |
| 23 Mar 2018 | 8 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £72,000 | Leasehold. |
| 23 Feb 2018 | 100 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £73,000 | Leasehold. |
| 12 Jan 2018 | 115 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £80,000 | Leasehold. |
| 24 Nov 2017 | 108 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £77,500 | Leasehold. |
| 20 Apr 2016 | 56 OL1 4HY | Semi-detached | £75,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 24 Nov 2014 | 80 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £63,000 | |
| 3 Jan 2014 | 98 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £57,000 | Leasehold. |
| 23 Nov 2012 | 72 OL1 4HY | Semi-detached | £110,000 | Leasehold. |
| 12 Jan 2012 | 102 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £50,000 | Leasehold. |
| 30 Oct 2008 | 78 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £117,000 | Leasehold. |
| 7 Dec 2007 | 110 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £86,000 | Leasehold. |
| 13 Nov 2007 | 78 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £104,000 | Leasehold. |
| 15 Jun 2007 | 108 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £82,500 | Leasehold. |
| 23 Apr 2007 | 8 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £93,000 | Leasehold. |
| 20 Feb 2007 | 113 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £75,000 | Leasehold. |
| 18 Jan 2007 | 82 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £18,000 | Leasehold. |
| 8 Nov 2006 | 86 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £82,500 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Jul 2006 | 24 OL1 4HU | Terraced | £75,000 | Leasehold. |
| 7 Jul 2006 | 111 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £82,000 | Leasehold. |
| 7 Apr 2006 | 84 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £70,000 | Leasehold. |
| 2 Sep 2005 | 114 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £76,000 | Leasehold. |
| 15 Apr 2005 | 116 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £53,000 | Leasehold. |
| 17 Dec 2004 | 110 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £78,000 | Leasehold. |
| 8 Oct 2004 | 94 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £67,500 | Leasehold. |
| 8 Oct 2004 | 115 OL1 4HY | Terraced | £65,950 | Leasehold. |
Energy performance certificates
39 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 68 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (22); House, semi-detached (9); House, end-terrace (7). Built: 1900-1929 (16); before 1900 (14); 2019 (4). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (21); rented (private) (7); rented (social) (2).
Each home's certificates and sales (20 addresses)
- 8, Broadbent Road
- 26, Broadbent Road
- 54, Broadbent Road
- 72, Broadbent Road
- 76, Broadbent Road
- 78, Broadbent Road
- 80, Broadbent Road
- 84, Broadbent Road
- 88, Broadbent Road
- 90, Broadbent Road
- 98, Broadbent Road
- 100, Broadbent Road
- 108, Broadbent Road
- 112, Broadbent Road
- 115, Broadbent Road
- 117, Broadbent Road
- 118, Broadbent Road
- Barn 1, Broadbent Farm, Broadbent Road
- Barn 2, Broadbent Farm, Broadbent Road
- Rear of 16, Broadbent Road
Council tax
What each band costs in Oldham in 2026-27: Band D £2,602 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,735 | £2,024 | £2,313 | £2,602 | £3,181 | £3,759 | £4,337 | £5,204 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band A (58% of about 2,520 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Broadbent Rd, Oldham: up to 31 homes, not permissioned (60 m)
- Site corner of Ripponden Rd / Broadbent Rd, Derker: up to 8 homes, not permissioned (410 m (0.3 miles))
- Land to the South of 474 Ripponden Road, oldham: up to 1 home, not permissioned (660 m (0.4 miles))
- Land btw Prince St, Rhodes Bank, Union St, Oldham, not permissioned (700 m (0.4 miles))
- Land bounded by Wilkes Street Oldham, OL1 4JW: up to 2 homes, permissioned (1 km (0.6 miles))
Roadworks
Finished in the last three months
- 8 September 2026: United Utilities Water Ltd, Utility repair and maintenance works, two-way signals, on the carriageway (minor works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 1 address is in areas at high risk, 4 at medium risk and 4 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| OL1 4HY | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 1 / 0 | unlikely |
| OL1 4HU | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| OL1 4HZ | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| OL1 4JB | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 2 / 1 | unlikely |
| OL4 2QU | not in 2 or 3 | 1 / 1 / 3 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 61 addresses are between 210 m and 236 m above sea level (233 m on average); the ground rises about 25 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OL1 4HU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| OL1 4HY | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| OL1 4HZ | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| OL1 4JB | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| OL4 2QU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Greenfield 351,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.4 km (3.3 miles) |
| Mills Hill (Manchester) 304,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.5 km (3.4 miles) | |
| Mossley (Manchester) 260,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.6 km (3.5 miles) | |
| Underground, metro or tram | Derker (Manchester Metrolink) | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Oldham Mumps (Manchester Metrolink) | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 5 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 32 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Shelley Road Derker | 210 m |
| Bus or coach station | Oldham Mumps Interchange | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) |
| Car parks | 146 Turf Lane Parking | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) |
| EV charging points | Be.EV | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Manchester Airport MAN | 26.2 km (16 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Springfield House | 910 m (0.6 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 5 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Well | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Ripponden Road Dental Practice | 520 m (0.3 miles) |
| Hospital | The Royal Oldham Hospital | 2.1 km (1.3 miles) |
| Police station | Greater Manchester Police | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| Cash machines | 1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Cooperative Food Ripponden Road, Moorside Cashzone | 440 m (0.3 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Stoneleigh Park 11 ha | 400 m (0.2 miles) |
| Play area | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 950 m² | 440 m (0.3 miles) |
| Playing field | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.9 ha | 180 m |
| Allotments | Unnamed 2,820 m² | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 3 parks and gardens, 17 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Greenacres Cemetery, a registered park or garden (Grade II), 1.4 km (0.9 miles) south. 2 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Greenacres Cemetery | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) south |
| Alexandra Park | Registered park or garden, Grade II* | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) south |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Greenacres Hill | Hill | 820 m (0.5 miles) south |
| Hodge Clough | Valley | 820 m (0.5 miles) north-east |
| Higher Count Hill | Hill | 1 km (0.6 miles) east |
| Lower Count Hill | Hill | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) east |
| Lower Strinesdale Reservoir | Lake or reservoir | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) east |
| The Orchard | Wood | 3.3 km (2 miles) south |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 12.0 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.3 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 11.1 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 70 to 74 | 1 | 0 |
| 65 to 69 | 1 | 0 |
| 60 to 64 | 1 | 0 |
| 55 to 59 | 15 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 42 | 60 |
18 of the street's 60 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Oldham: see them on the Oldham page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Theresa's RC Primary School, a Voluntary Academy Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 110 m | Good (Jul 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Woodlands Primary Academy | Primary | 2–11 | 270 m | No overall grade (Mar 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| Willowpark Primary Academy | Primary | 2–11 | 370 m | No published inspection |
| Mayfield Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 600 m (0.4 miles) | Requires improvement (Jun 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Littlemoor Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 800 m (0.5 miles) | Requires improvement (Jun 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Hodge Clough Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) | No published inspection |
| Greenacres Primary Academy | Primary | 3–11 | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Strong standard; Achievement: Strong standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Exceptional; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Early years: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| St Anne's RC Primary School, a Voluntary Academy Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Requires improvement (May 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Co-op Academy Strinesdale | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) | No overall grade (Jan 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Requires improvement; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Requires improvement |
| Beever Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Blackshaw Lane Primary & Nursery School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Requires improvement (Dec 2021, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| St Joseph's RC Junior, Infant and Nursery School, A Voluntary Academy Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Good (Feb 2020, overall grade under the previous framework) |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Theresa's R.C. Primary School OL1 4NA | School/college/university | 200 m | 5 Very good | 20 May 2026 |
| Oldham Sports and Community Club OL1 4HY | Pub/bar/nightclub | 230 m | 2 Improvement necessary | 18 Apr 2017 |
| The Grove Partnership OL1 4HX | School/college/university | 370 m | 5 Very good | 16 Apr 2026 |
| Willowpark Breakfast Club OL1 4LJ | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 370 m | 5 Very good | 1 Feb 2024 |
| Woodlands Primary Academy OL1 4HU | School/college/university | 370 m | 5 Very good | 16 Sep 2026 |
| Treetops Wrap Around Care OL1 4HU | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 370 m | 4 Good | 10 Sep 2024 |
| A&A Mini Market OL1 4JN | Retailers - other | 400 m (0.2 miles) | 5 Very good | 18 Nov 2025 |
| Avonleigh Gardens Residential Home OL1 4HE | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 420 m (0.3 miles) | 3 Generally satisfactory | 2 Jun 2026 |
| Bargain Booze OL1 4JL | Retailers - other | 420 m (0.3 miles) | 4 Good | 24 Feb 2024 |
| Watersheddings Chippy OL1 4JJ | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 430 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 12 Aug 2025 |
| Co-operative Food OL1 4JN | Retailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 15 Sep 2026 |
| On A Roll OL4 2QT | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 450 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 14 Jan 2026 |
| Premier OL4 2PA | Retailers - other | 460 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 29 Jan 2023 |
| Anbridge Care Home OL4 2QU | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 460 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 20 Jul 2026 |
| Mo's Tandoori OL1 4HR | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 470 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 16 Sep 2026 |
Crime within 250 m
No crimes recorded at anonymised points within 250 m in this period (metropolitan).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 42 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 18% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 18% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 59% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 25% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | 0% | 1% |
| Social rented | 13% | 17% |
| Private rented | 28% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 57% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 5% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 20% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 7% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 15% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 66% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 2% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 7% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 9% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 79% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 3% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 18% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 26% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 8% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 98% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 1% | 2% |
Deprivation
The 3 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 2 to 4 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- OL1 4HY: 37 addresses of 39 in the postcode
- OL1 4HU: 14 addresses of 16 in the postcode
- OL1 4HZ: 7 addresses
- OL1 4JB: 1 address of 19 in the postcode
- OL4 2QU: 1 address of 46 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Shakespeare Road · Whetstone Hill Close · Chesterton Road · Whetstone Hill Lane · Whetstone Hill Road · Tilton Street · Masefield Road · Shelley Road · Hill View Close · Wordsworth Road · Brooklyn Street · Peveril Road
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.