Brookcot Road Wythenshawe, Manchester

81 addresses across 4 postcodes (M23), about 370 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 24501062.

  • Sales: 39 recorded sales since 1995; in 2024 the median was £225,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 66 homes have an energy certificate (C: 31, D: 31, E: 4).
  • Flood: 31 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Manchester costs £2,312 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Navigation Road, about 3.7 km (2.3 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Wythenshawe Park, is about 510 m (0.3 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.7 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: It is about 34 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 1 of its 81 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is The Park Medical Centre, about 210 m away, with 5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 950 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 29% of households owned their home and 21% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20241£225,000£225,000£225,000
20231£230,000£230,000£230,000
20221£200,500£200,500£200,500
20213£150,000£148,000£185,000
20171£125,000£125,000£125,000
20151£119,950£119,950£119,950
20141£95,000£95,000£95,000
20121£70,000£70,000£70,000
20101£65,000£65,000£65,000
20092£83,750£82,500£85,000
20082£85,000£78,000£92,000
20074£109,225£87,000£112,000
Most recent sales (39)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
17 Mar 202641 M23 1DTTerraced£225,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
5 Jul 202425 M23 1DTSemi-detached£225,000
28 Apr 202344 M23 1DUSemi-detached£230,000
18 May 202220 M23 1DUTerraced£225,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
3 Feb 202287 M23 1DSTerraced£160,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
31 Jan 202225 M23 1DTSemi-detached£200,500
18 Oct 202173 M23 1DSTerraced£185,000
31 Mar 202119 M23 1DTTerraced£148,000
26 Feb 202143 M23 1DTTerraced£150,000
6 Oct 201763 M23 1DSTerraced£125,000
8 Oct 201525 M23 1DTSemi-detached£119,950
27 Jun 201439 M23 1DTTerraced£95,000
10 Apr 201241 M23 1DTTerraced£70,000
26 Apr 201020 M23 1DUTerraced£65,000
22 Sep 200962 M23 1DUTerraced£85,000
17 Sep 200919 M23 1DTTerraced£82,500
25 Apr 200839 M23 1DTTerraced£78,000
31 Mar 200852 M23 1DUTerraced£92,000Leasehold.
31 Aug 200714 M23 1DUTerraced£110,500
2 Aug 200747 M23 1DTTerraced£107,950
27 Jul 200732 M23 1DUSemi-detached£112,000
15 May 200713 M23 1DTSemi-detached£87,000
13 Oct 200659 M23 1DSTerraced£105,500
18 Aug 200622 M23 1DUTerraced£89,000
7 Aug 200618 M23 1DUSemi-detached£100,000Leasehold.
26 Apr 200618 M23 1DUSemi-detached£90,000Leasehold.
25 Apr 200618 M23 1DUSemi-detached£55,000Leasehold.
11 Feb 200516 M23 1DUSemi-detached£85,000
6 Dec 200439 M23 1DTTerraced£53,000
20 Aug 200414 M23 1DUSemi-detached£89,950
15 Mar 200464 M23 1DUTerraced£29,815
23 Feb 200427 M23 1DTSemi-detached£27,300
29 Aug 20039 M23 1DTSemi-detached£69,950
30 Jul 200352 M23 1DUTerraced£46,000Leasehold.
30 Jun 200359 M23 1DSTerraced£20,000
6 May 200338 M23 1DUSemi-detached£20,202
11 Nov 200247 M23 1DTTerraced£28,710
23 Jul 200156 M23 1DUTerraced£44,000
15 Nov 199925 M23 1DTSemi-detached£14,300

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from April 2013 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

66 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 72 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (29); House, mid-terrace (19); House, end-terrace (18). Built: 1930-1949 (56); 1950-1966 (8); 1900-1929 (2). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (46); owner-occupied (11); rented (private) (7).

Each home's certificates and sales (15 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Manchester in 2026-27: Band D £2,312 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,541£1,798£2,055£2,312£2,826£3,340£3,853£4,624

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (84% of about 1,020 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 1 September 2026 to 7 September 2026: United Utilities Water Ltd, Utility repair and maintenance works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway (standard works)
  • 13 August 2026 to 2 September 2026: SP Electricity North West, Utility repair and maintenance works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway (immediate - urgent works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 7 addresses are in areas at high risk, 24 at medium risk and 48 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
M23 1DUnot in 2 or 3 1 / 17 / 13 unlikely
M23 1DTnot in 2 or 3 6 / 4 / 16 unlikely
M23 1DSnot in 2 or 3 0 / 3 / 19 unlikely
M23 1DXnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's addresses are about 34 m above sea level.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
M23 1DS100%100%100%0%
M23 1DT100%100%100%0%
M23 1DU100%100%100%0%
M23 1DX100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsNavigation Road 96,000 journeys in 2024–253.7 km (2.3 miles)
Gatley 374,000 journeys in 2024–253.9 km (2.4 miles)
Manchester Airport 5.5 million journeys in 2024–253.9 km (2.4 miles)
Underground, metro or tramBaguley (Manchester Metrolink)360 m
Moor Road (Manchester Metrolink)620 m (0.4 miles)
Roundthorn (Manchester Metrolink)730 m (0.5 miles)
Bus stops12 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 38 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Spark Road Baguley160 m
Bus or coach stationWythenshawe Interchange2.6 km (1.6 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Black Boy Car Park670 m (0.4 miles)
EV charging points1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest InstaVolt Charging Station120 m
Airport with scheduled flightsManchester Airport MAN5.6 km (3.5 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest The Park Medical Centre210 m
Pharmacies8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Thacker's Pharmacy210 m
NHS dentists2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Glen Maye Dental Practice1.5 km (1 mile)
HospitalWythenshawe Hospital1.3 km (0.8 miles)
Police stationWythenshawe Police Station2.5 km (1.6 miles)
Cash machines4 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Shell Baguley, Baguley Cashzone180 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Wythenshawe Park 45 ha510 m (0.3 miles)
Play area2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,590 m²600 m (0.4 miles)
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 17 ha540 m (0.3 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.7 ha190 m

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 49 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Baguley Hall, a listed building (Grade I), 860 m (0.5 miles) south-east. 3 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade I and 1 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Baguley HallListed building, Grade I860 m (0.5 miles) south-east
Wythenshawe HallListed building, Grade II*1 km (0.6 miles) north-east
Wythenshawe ParkRegistered park or garden, Grade II1.1 km (0.7 miles) north-east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Princes SpinneyWood630 m (0.4 miles) east
Mere WoodWood700 m (0.4 miles) north-east
Nan Nook WoodWood830 m (0.5 miles) north
Baguley BottomsValley1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Gatley HillHill3.5 km (2.2 miles) east
King George V PoolLake or reservoir3.5 km (2.2 miles) west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)12.74010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.3205
Particles (PM10)11.34015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road, rail and aircraft noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailwaysAircraft
55 to 59100
Under 55808181

1 of the street's 81 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Manchester: see them on the Manchester page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 3 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary3–11320 m No published inspection
Baguley Hall Primary SchoolPrimary3–11500 m (0.3 miles) No overall grade (Mar 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Dixons Brooklands AcademySecondary11–19590 m (0.4 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Requires improvement; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Requires improvement
Sandilands Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.4 km (0.8 miles) No published inspection
Rack House Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.4 km (0.8 miles) Report card (Nov 2025): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Button Lane Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.4 km (0.9 miles) Good (Jul 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
St. Aidan's Catholic Primary School, a Voluntary Academy Roman CatholicPrimary3–111.4 km (0.9 miles) Requires improvement (Oct 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Newall Green Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.5 km (0.9 miles) No published inspection
Benchill Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.5 km (0.9 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Broomwood Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.6 km (1 mile) No published inspection
Dixons Newall Green AcademySecondary11–161.7 km (1.1 miles) Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Saint Paul's Catholic High School Roman CatholicSecondary11–161.8 km (1.1 miles) Report card (Jul 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Royal Oak Community Centre M23 1DYOther catering premises110 m5 Very good12 Jan 2011
Urbn kitchen M23 1DQTakeaway/sandwich shop120 mAwaiting inspection
Royal Oak Mini Market M23 1FBRetailers - other150 m5 Very good11 Apr 2022
The Wok King M23 1FBTakeaway/sandwich shop150 m5 Very good12 Jun 2025
Pizza Uno M23 1FBTakeaway/sandwich shop150 m3 Generally satisfactory11 Mar 2025
McDonalds M23 9AARestaurant/Cafe/Canteen180 m5 Very good15 Feb 2024
Thacker's Pharmacy Ltd M23 9ABRetailers - other200 mExempt
Go Local Extra M23 0QNRetailers - other240 m5 Very good10 Jul 2024
Sacred Heart Rc Primary School M23 1HPSchool/college/university310 m2 Improvement necessary16 Jul 2025
Friends Pizza M23 1JPTakeaway/sandwich shop430 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good4 Mar 2024
Peking M23 1JPTakeaway/sandwich shop440 m (0.3 miles)4 Good12 Jun 2025
Nisa Local M23 1JPRetailers - other470 m (0.3 miles)Awaiting inspection

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

No crimes recorded at anonymised points within 250 m in this period (lancashire).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 3 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 946 residents in 383 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3240
Children under 1526%17%
Aged 65 and over7%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)29%61%
Owned outright10%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented53%17%
Private rented18%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work61%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)7%6%
Retired (of adults)8%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)7%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)16%32%
Travel to work by car or van53%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram8%4%
By any public transport, including bus14%8%
On foot or by bicycle13%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)86%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away2%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)21%34%
No qualifications26%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification5%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)84%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all3%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 1 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Burwell Grove · Longcroft Grove · Spark Road · Ryecroft Grove · Royal Oak Road · Kinsey Avenue · Glebelands Road · Westage Gardens · Marlcroft Close · Yarwood Avenue · Pitfield Gardens · Bisley Avenue

All the streets in M23 and across Manchester.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.