Bush Street Middlesbrough
78 addresses across 3 postcodes (TS5), about 290 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 25700268.
- Sales: 167 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £72,000 across 1 sale.
- Energy: 64 homes have an energy certificate (C: 6, D: 39, E: 19).
- Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Middlesbrough costs £2,549 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Middlesbrough, about 1.8 km (1.1 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: There is a small park or garden about 210 m away, and Albert Park (28 hectares) is about 260 m away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 14.5 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.6 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 10 to 11 m above sea level.
- Noise: 10 of its 78 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Linthorpe Surgery, about 180 m away, with 10 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 950 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 30% of households owned their home and 28% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 433 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 1 | £72,000 | £72,000 | £72,000 |
| 2023 | 2 | £69,500 | £67,000 | £72,000 |
| 2022 | 2 | £64,250 | £60,000 | £68,500 |
| 2021 | 2 | £69,500 | £67,000 | £72,000 |
| 2020 | 1 | £60,000 | £60,000 | £60,000 |
| 2019 | 2 | £56,500 | £55,000 | £58,000 |
| 2018 | 4 | £70,500 | £55,000 | £75,000 |
| 2016 | 4 | £61,250 | £59,000 | £71,000 |
| 2015 | 3 | £60,000 | £57,000 | £70,000 |
| 2014 | 1 | £76,000 | £76,000 | £76,000 |
| 2013 | 2 | £70,000 | £60,000 | £80,000 |
| 2012 | 3 | £74,950 | £60,000 | £80,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Jul 2026 | 62 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £83,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 22 Jul 2026 | 50 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £72,000 | |
| 6 Dec 2024 | 59 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £82,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 2 Oct 2024 | 29 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £74,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 31 Oct 2023 | 79 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £72,000 | |
| 13 Oct 2023 | 67 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £78,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Jul 2023 | 39 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £78,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 21 Jul 2023 | 44 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £76,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Feb 2023 | 62 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £67,000 | |
| 6 Feb 2023 | 49 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £72,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 19 Dec 2022 | 83 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £75,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 31 Oct 2022 | 55 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £92,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 31 Aug 2022 | 14 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £87,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 5 Aug 2022 | 77 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £86,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 14 Apr 2022 | 63 TS5 6BW | Semi-detached | £60,000 | |
| 11 Jan 2022 | 23 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £68,500 | |
| 7 Sep 2021 | 18 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £67,000 | |
| 28 Jul 2021 | 67 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £72,000 | |
| 9 Oct 2020 | 41 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £81,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 12 Jun 2020 | 5 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £60,000 | |
| 18 Oct 2019 | 24 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £56,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 24 Jul 2019 | 25 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £55,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 9 Apr 2019 | 32 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £53,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 27 Mar 2019 | 57 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £50,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 25 Jan 2019 | 17 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £55,000 | |
| 23 Jan 2019 | 15 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £80,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 23 Jan 2019 | 27 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £58,000 | |
| 19 Dec 2018 | 52 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £55,000 | |
| 9 Nov 2018 | 54 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £71,000 | |
| 24 May 2018 | 45 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £75,000 | |
| 26 Jan 2018 | 26 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £70,000 | |
| 20 Jan 2017 | 22 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £46,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 6 Jan 2017 | 61 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £51,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 4 Nov 2016 | 16 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £61,000 | |
| 11 Aug 2016 | 37 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £47,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 21 Mar 2016 | 54 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £71,000 | |
| 16 Mar 2016 | 39 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £59,000 | |
| 3 Mar 2016 | 43 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £61,500 | |
| 25 Nov 2015 | 73 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £50,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 8 Oct 2015 | 4 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £65,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 30 Jun 2015 | 69 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £60,000 | |
| 26 Jun 2015 | 35 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £57,000 | |
| 2 Apr 2015 | 9 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £70,000 | |
| 17 Oct 2014 | 67 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £76,000 | |
| 3 Oct 2014 | 22 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £45,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 20 Dec 2013 | 36 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £65,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 6 Dec 2013 | 11 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £80,000 | |
| 14 Jun 2013 | 18 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £60,000 | |
| 3 Sep 2012 | 25 TS5 6BN | Terraced | £80,000 | |
| 22 Aug 2012 | 67 TS5 6BW | Terraced | £74,950 |
Energy performance certificates
64 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 70 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (57); House, end-terrace (7). Built: 1900-1929 (47); before 1900 (13); 1950-1966 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (29); rented (private) (27); rented (social) (1).
Each home's certificates and sales (34 addresses)
- 1, Bush Street
- 5, Bush Street
- 8, Bush Street
- 9, Bush Street
- 10, Bush Street
- 11, Bush Street
- 12, Bush Street
- 13, Bush Street
- 15, Bush Street
- 16, Bush Street
- 17, Bush Street
- 19, Bush Street
- 21, Bush Street
- 23, Bush Street
- 24, Bush Street
- 26, Bush Street
- 27, Bush Street
- 30, Bush Street
- 31, Bush Street
- 32, Bush Street
- 33, Bush Street
- 35, Bush Street
- 36, Bush Street
- 37, Bush Street
- 38, Bush Street
- 40, Bush Street
- 41, Bush Street
- 52, Bush Street
- 57, Bush Street
- 65, Bush Street
- 73, Bush Street
- 75, Bush Street
- 79, Bush Street
- 81 Bush Street
Council tax
What each band costs in Middlesbrough in 2026-27: Band D £2,549 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,699 | £1,983 | £2,266 | £2,549 | £3,116 | £3,682 | £4,249 | £5,098 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (89% of about 760 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Former Park Hotel, 406 Linthorpe Road: up to 23 homes, permissioned (330 m)
- 438-444 Linthorpe Road: up to 16 homes, permissioned (420 m (0.3 miles))
- 314-316 Linthorpe Road: up to 7 homes, permissioned (500 m (0.3 miles))
- 32-36 Eastbourne Road: up to 13 homes, permissioned (910 m (0.6 miles))
- Crown Square (Gresham P2): up to 580 homes, permissioned (1 km (0.6 miles))
Roadworks
Planned, as of 31 October 2026
- 1 December 2026 to 7 December 2026: NORTHERN POWERGRID (NORTHEAST) PLC, New service connection, some carriageway incursion, on the footway, carriageway (standard works)
Finished in the last three months
- 1 October 2026 to 6 October 2026: BT, Utility asset works, give and take, on the footway, carriageway (standard works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 6 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| TS5 6BN | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| TS5 6BW | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 4 | unlikely |
| TS5 6AJ | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 2 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 78 addresses are between 10 m and 11 m above sea level (10 m on average).
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TS5 6AJ | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| TS5 6BN | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| TS5 6BW | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Middlesbrough 1.5 million journeys in 2024–25 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| James Cook University Hospital 61,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) | |
| Marton 32,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 3.7 km (2.3 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 8 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 38 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest St Barnabas Church Linthorpe | 160 m |
| Ferry terminal | Transporter Bridge South Side Middlesbrough | 2.4 km (1.5 miles) |
| Car parks | Zetland Multi Storey Car Park | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| EV charging points | 30 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Shell Recharge Charging Station | 260 m |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Teesside International Airport MME | 13.5 km (8.4 miles) |
| Nearest large airport | Newcastle International Airport NCL | 60 km (37 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 10 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Linthorpe Surgery | 180 m |
| Pharmacies | 11 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Well | 170 m |
| NHS dentists | 5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Linthorpe House Dentistry And Aesthetics | 440 m (0.3 miles) |
| Hospital | West Lane Hospital | 880 m (0.5 miles) |
| Police station | Cleveland Police Middlesbrough HQ | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| Cash machines | 7 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Payzone | 300 m |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 6 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,290 m² | 210 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Albert Park 28 ha | 260 m |
| Play area | 4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 520 m² | 260 m |
| Playing field | Unnamed 1.9 ha | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Allotments | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2,860 m² | 780 m (0.5 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 6 parks and gardens, 35 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Albert Park, a registered park or garden (Grade II), 600 m (0.4 miles) east. 15 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Albert Park | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 600 m (0.4 miles) east |
| Fishpond 550m east of Acklam Park | Scheduled monument | 1.6 km (1 mile) south |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Lower Lake | Lake or reservoir | 930 m (0.6 miles) east |
| North Wood | Wood | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south |
| New Cut | Tidal water | 2.2 km (1.4 miles) west |
| Portrack Marsh | Wetland | 2.3 km (1.4 miles) west |
| Norton Bottoms | Valley | 3.4 km (2.1 miles) north-west |
| Primrose Hill | Hill | 4.7 km (2.9 miles) west |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 14.5 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 6.6 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 11.9 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 10 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 68 | 78 |
10 of the street's 78 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Middlesbrough: see them on the Middlesbrough page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacred Heart Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 210 m | Good (May 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Ayresome Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 380 m | Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Linthorpe Community Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 690 m (0.4 miles) | Outstanding (Mar 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Newport Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 850 m (0.5 miles) | Good (Mar 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| St Edward's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 870 m (0.5 miles) | Good (Dec 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Archibald Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 880 m (0.5 miles) | No published inspection |
| St Joseph's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) | No published inspection |
| Abingdon Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Macmillan Academy | Secondary | 11–19 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Good (Nov 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Green Lane Primary Academy | Primary | 2–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Breckon Hill Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 1.5 km (1 mile) | No published inspection |
| Outwood Academy Riverside | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patisserie Gabriella TS5 6AB | Retailers - other | 140 m | 5 Very good | 13 Jan 2026 |
| Papas Pizza TS5 6AB | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 140 m | 5 Very good | 16 Oct 2024 |
| Lucky Dragon Takeaway TS5 6AB | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 140 m | 5 Very good | 6 Oct 2026 |
| Mist Desserts TS5 6AB | Other catering premises | 140 m | 5 Very good | 6 Aug 2025 |
| Delhi Lounge TS5 6AB | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 140 m | 5 Very good | 2 Jul 2025 |
| The Royel Shinwari TS5 6AB | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 140 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Budgens TS5 6AB | Retailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets | 140 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| D&D Cafe/Restaurant TS5 6AB | Other catering premises | 150 m | 2 Improvement necessary | 7 Jan 2026 |
| Havana Restaurant TS5 6AE | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 160 m | 1 Major improvement necessary | 28 Nov 2025 |
| Well Pharmacy TS5 6AE | Retailers - other | 160 m | Exempt | |
| Your Family Pharmacy TS5 6HA | Retailers - other | 180 m | Exempt | |
| Middlesbrough Community Grocery TS5 6JR | Retailers - other | 180 m | 5 Very good | 7 Feb 2024 |
| Jhoots Pharmacy TS5 6HA | Retailers - other | 180 m | Exempt | |
| Cafe Central Park TS5 6AA | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 190 m | 5 Very good | 26 Feb 2026 |
| Dressers Tea Room TS5 6LA | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 210 m | 5 Very good | 20 Oct 2026 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 164 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 52 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 50 |
| Vehicle crime | 36 |
| Shoplifting | 29 |
| Public order | 23 |
| Burglary | 22 |
| Other theft | 20 |
| Drugs | 12 |
| Robbery | 8 |
| Possession of weapons | 6 |
| Other crime | 5 |
| Bicycle theft | 5 |
| Theft from the person | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Caxton Street (47); On or near Oxford Street (42); On or near Linthorpe Road (41); On or near Park Road (40); On or near Kensington Road (35).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 30 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 20% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 7% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 30% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 14% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 15% | 17% |
| Private rented | 55% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 45% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 17% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 7% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 9% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 22% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 41% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | under 1% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 7% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 21% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 85% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 5% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 28% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 24% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 3% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 82% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 5% | 2% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 1 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
- Roadworks Street works permit: NORTHERN POWERGRID (NORTHEAST) PLC: New service connection, 1 December 2026 to 7 December 2026 (some carriageway incursion) found 3 November 2026
- Food hygiene ratings Chicagos Chicken (takeaway/sandwich shop, TS5 6HF) is no longer listed; it was rated 4 Good found 31 October 2026
- Food hygiene ratings Crispy Crave (takeaway/sandwich shop, TS5 6HF) newly listed: Awaiting inspection found 31 October 2026
- Food hygiene ratings Crunch and slice (takeaway/sandwich shop, TS5 6HF) newly listed: Awaiting inspection found 31 October 2026
- Food hygiene ratings Jackson Stores (retailers - other, TS5 6JG) now 5 Very good, was 4 Good (rated 15 October 2026) found 31 October 2026
Postcodes on this street
- TS5 6BN: 43 addresses of 44 in the postcode
- TS5 6BW: 34 addresses of 36 in the postcode
- TS5 6AJ: 1 address of 49 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Napier Street · Caxton Street · Gifford Street · Chesham Street · Kensington Road · Ayresome Street · Brompton Street · The Turnstile · The Midfield · Crescent Road · Berner Street · Oxford Street
All the streets in TS5 and across Middlesbrough.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.