Davison Road Smethwick, Sandwell

48 addresses across 2 postcodes (B67), about 240 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 33614300.

  • Sales: 38 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £233,000 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 30 homes have an energy certificate (C: 1, D: 26, E: 2, F: 1).
  • Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Sandwell costs £2,244 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 97% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Smethwick Rolfe Street, about 1.4 km (0.9 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Harry Mitchell Park, is about 590 m (0.4 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 13.4 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.9 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 162 to 173 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 3 of its 48 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Bearwood Road Surgery, about 330 m away, with 9 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 590 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 50% of households owned their home and 23% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 89 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20252£233,000£221,000£245,000
20241£205,000£205,000£205,000
20231£215,000£215,000£215,000
20223£185,000£185,000£225,000
20212£160,000£135,000£185,000
20201£166,000£166,000£166,000
20181£163,800£163,800£163,800
20143£115,500£112,500£118,000
20101£120,000£120,000£120,000
20091£120,000£120,000£120,000
20081£129,000£129,000£129,000
20072£127,500£125,000£130,000
Most recent sales (38)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
12 Mar 202524 B67 6JLTerraced£221,000
11 Mar 20255 B67 6JLTerraced£245,000
31 Jul 202415 B67 6JLSemi-detached£205,000
25 Sep 202316 B67 6JLTerraced£215,000
12 Jul 202218 B67 6JLTerraced£185,000
13 Apr 202220 B67 6JLTerraced£185,000
25 Feb 20221 B67 6JLSemi-detached£225,000
22 Oct 20217 B67 6JLTerraced£185,000
3 Sep 202130 B67 6JLTerraced£167,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Aug 202129 B67 6JLTerraced£135,000
16 Apr 202127 B67 6JLTerraced£148,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
16 Oct 202041 B67 6HXSemi-detached£166,000
16 Aug 201931 B67 6JLSemi-detached£143,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Sep 20181 B67 6JLSemi-detached£163,800
29 Sep 201414 B67 6JLTerraced£118,000
4 Jul 201410 B67 6JLTerraced£112,500
17 Jan 201416 B67 6JLTerraced£115,500
26 Nov 201026 B67 6JLTerraced£120,000
25 Sep 20096 B67 6JLSemi-detached£120,000
6 Jun 200833 B67 6HXTerraced£129,000
11 May 20077 B67 6JLTerraced£130,000
9 May 200732 B67 6JLSemi-detached£125,000
21 Dec 200513 B67 6JLTerraced£107,500
11 Apr 200513 B67 6JLTerraced£55,000
17 Sep 200415 B67 6JLSemi-detached£117,500
9 Jan 20041 B67 6JLSemi-detached£75,000
16 Jul 200332 B67 6JLSemi-detached£89,000
10 Jun 200232 B67 6JLSemi-detached£74,950
6 Jul 200132 B67 6JLSemi-detached£57,500
26 Apr 200141 B67 6HXSemi-detached£61,500
16 Mar 200133 B67 6HXTerraced£59,500
9 Mar 20012 B67 6JLSemi-detached£50,000
17 Nov 20009 B67 6JLSemi-detached£42,000
29 Oct 199932 B67 6JLSemi-detached£51,000
30 Oct 199813 B67 6JLTerraced£34,000
24 Nov 199730 B67 6JLTerraced£39,500
26 Mar 19975 B67 6JLTerraced£39,000
23 Oct 199626 B67 6JLTerraced£34,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from November 2008 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

30 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 71 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (14); House, end-terrace (11); House, semi-detached (5). Built: 1930-1949 (18); 1900-1929 (10); 1950-1966 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (13); rented (social) (12); rented (private) (4).

Each home's certificates and sales (7 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Sandwell in 2026-27: Band D £2,244 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,496£1,746£1,995£2,244£2,743£3,242£3,741£4,489

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (49% of about 710 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 30 September 2026.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 1 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
B67 6JLnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1 unlikely
B67 6HXnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 48 addresses are between 162 m and 173 m above sea level (167 m on average); the ground rises about 11 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
B67 6HX100%100%100%0%
B67 6JL100%97%97%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsSmethwick Rolfe Street 404,000 journeys in 2024–251.4 km (0.9 miles)
Smethwick Galton Bridge 698,000 journeys in 2024–252 km (1.3 miles)
Langley Green 161,000 journeys in 2024–252.4 km (1.5 miles)
Bus stops15 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 57 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Davidsons Road Bearwood100 m
Bus or coach stationWest Bromwich Bus Station4 km (2.5 miles)
Car parksQ-Park Midland Metropolitan University Hospital1.7 km (1.1 miles)
EV charging points13 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Wenea290 m
Airport with scheduled flightsBirmingham Airport BHX15.7 km (9.7 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries9 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Bearwood Road Surgery330 m
Pharmacies16 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Bearwood Pharmacy330 m
NHS dentists9 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Shire Dentist740 m (0.5 miles)
HospitalMidland Metropolitan University Hospital1.8 km (1.1 miles)
Police stationWest Midlands Police - South Sandwell Police Station1.1 km (0.7 miles)
Cash machines3 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Payzone430 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Harry Mitchell Park 1.8 ha590 m (0.4 miles)
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Victoria Park 14 ha750 m (0.5 miles)
Play areaUnnamed 1,260 m²820 m (0.5 miles)
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 6.5 ha460 m (0.3 miles)
Allotments2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 3.4 ha190 m

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 15 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Smethwick Old Church, a listed building (Grade II*), 320 m north. 13 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 2 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Smethwick Old ChurchListed building, Grade II*320 m north
The Waterloo HotelListed building, Grade II*900 m (0.6 miles) east
Warley ParkRegistered park or garden, Grade II1.5 km (0.9 miles) south-west
Engine Arm Aqueduct, WarleyScheduled monument1.6 km (1 mile) north
Smethwick Engine HouseScheduled monument1.7 km (1.1 miles) north-east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Thimblemill PoolLake or reservoir430 m (0.3 miles) south-west
Smethwick Hall PoolLake or reservoir1 km (0.6 miles) north-west
Warley WoodsWood1.5 km (0.9 miles) south-west
Bromford StopIsland3.4 km (2.1 miles) north-west
Woodgate ValleyValley4.3 km (2.7 miles) south
Mucklow HillHill4.9 km (3 miles) south-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)13.44010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.9205
Particles (PM10)12.14015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5930
Under 554548

3 of the street's 48 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Sandwell: see them on the Sandwell page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Uplands Manor Primary School and NurseryPrimary3–11250 m Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Shireland Collegiate AcademySecondary11–19570 m (0.4 miles) No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good
Shireland Technology PrimaryPrimary3–11610 m (0.4 miles) Outstanding (Oct 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Bearwood Primary SchoolPrimary3–11690 m (0.4 miles) No published inspection
Annie Lennard Primary SchoolPrimary3–11820 m (0.5 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Crocketts Community Primary SchoolPrimary2–11830 m (0.5 miles) No overall grade (Jan 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Outstanding
Abbey Infant SchoolPrimary3–7840 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
St Gregory's Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary3–11850 m (0.5 miles) Report card (Jul 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Abbey Junior SchoolPrimary7–111 km (0.6 miles) No published inspection
Victoria Park PrimaryPrimary2–111.1 km (0.7 miles) Good (Dec 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Devonshire Junior AcademyPrimary7–111.1 km (0.7 miles) No published inspection
Devonshire Infant AcademyPrimary2–71.1 km (0.7 miles) No overall grade (Feb 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Little Angels Day Nursery B67 6JLHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises60 m5 Very good3 Mar 2026
Saada Halwai B67 6HATakeaway/sandwich shop280 m2 Improvement necessary17 Sep 2026
Premier Store B67 6DWRetailers - other290 m5 Very good19 Mar 2024
Dorothy Parkes Centre B67 6EHOther catering premises300 m5 Very good30 Aug 2024
Conifers Day Nursery Ltd B67 6EHHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises300 m5 Very good12 Aug 2026
4 Community Trust - After School Club B67 6HTSchool/college/university300 m5 Very good2 May 2019
ABM Catering @ Uplands Manor Primary School B67 6HTSchool/college/university300 m5 Very good24 Jan 2025
Evergreen Chinese Take Away B67 6HATakeaway/sandwich shop310 m3 Generally satisfactory22 Jul 2026
Bearwood Chemists B66 4ESRetailers - other330 mExempt
Gabi & Cri B66 4HRRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen350 m5 Very good30 Jan 2023
Manila Flavours B66 4DRTakeaway/sandwich shop360 m5 Very good1 Nov 2024
The Old Chapel Inn B67 6EQRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen360 m5 Very good29 Oct 2024
Nomadzz @ The Old Chapel Inn B67 6EQRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen360 mAwaiting inspection
Sagar Sweet Centre B66 4DRRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen360 m2 Improvement necessary15 Sep 2025
Baby Steps Day Care B67 5AQHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises370 m5 Very good29 Oct 2025

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

89 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences49
Criminal damage and arson12
Other theft8
Vehicle crime7
Drugs3
Anti-social behaviour3
Other crime2
Burglary2
Public order2
Robbery1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Stanhope Road (39); On or near Thompson Road (12); On or near Davison Road (8); On or near Valley Road (6); On or near Dale Close (6).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 592 residents in 228 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3940
Children under 1520%17%
Aged 65 and over15%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)50%61%
Owned outright27%33%
Shared ownership1%1%
Social rented36%17%
Private rented11%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work50%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)11%6%
Retired (of adults)19%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)9%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)18%32%
Travel to work by car or van61%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram1%4%
By any public transport, including bus12%8%
On foot or by bicycle8%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)78%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away8%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)23%34%
No qualifications30%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification5%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)84%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all5%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 2 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Astbury Avenue · Valley Road · Dale Close · Stanhope Road · Dale Street · Dorothy Road · Old Chapel Road · Vince Street · Mill Hill · Dawson Street · Wellington Road · Church Road

All the streets in B67 and across Sandwell.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.