Dowar Road Birmingham
102 addresses across 3 postcodes (B45), about 440 m (0.3 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 2700774.
- Sales: 166 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £282,000 across 2 sales.
- Energy: 63 homes have an energy certificate (C: 3, D: 45, E: 13, F: 2).
- Flood: 1 address on its postcodes is in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band B; Band D in Birmingham costs £2,363 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Longbridge, about 1.2 km (0.8 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden, Cofton Park, is about 540 m (0.3 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 9.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 182 to 193 m above sea level.
- Noise: 1 of its 102 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Leach Heath Medical Centre, about 1 km (0.6 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 620 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 62% of households owned their home and 26% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 83 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 2 | £282,000 | £244,000 | £320,000 |
| 2025 | 3 | £260,000 | £237,500 | £265,000 |
| 2024 | 4 | £243,000 | £185,000 | £245,000 |
| 2023 | 4 | £191,500 | £177,500 | £210,000 |
| 2022 | 5 | £228,500 | £21,500 | £270,000 |
| 2021 | 4 | £183,500 | £130,500 | £235,000 |
| 2020 | 5 | £182,000 | £170,000 | £190,000 |
| 2019 | 11 | £170,000 | £145,000 | £225,000 |
| 2018 | 8 | £167,500 | £150,000 | £220,000 |
| 2017 | 5 | £155,000 | £134,000 | £180,000 |
| 2016 | 3 | £149,000 | £139,000 | £150,000 |
| 2015 | 8 | £135,500 | £127,000 | £160,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 Aug 2026 | 3 B45 8RB | Detached | £320,000 | |
| 15 May 2026 | 46 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £244,000 | Leasehold. |
| 10 Oct 2025 | 64 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £237,500 | |
| 12 Sep 2025 | 44 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £265,000 | |
| 3 Feb 2025 | 38 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £260,000 | |
| 14 Nov 2024 | 68 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £245,000 | |
| 9 Oct 2024 | 35 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £245,000 | |
| 12 Apr 2024 | 47 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £235,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 27 Mar 2024 | 3 B45 8RB | Detached | £185,000 | |
| 2 Feb 2024 | 42 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £241,000 | |
| 15 Dec 2023 | 57 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £210,000 | |
| 14 Jul 2023 | 63 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £184,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 14 Jul 2023 | 63 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £184,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 22 Jun 2023 | 69 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £200,000 | |
| 27 Apr 2023 | 82 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £177,500 | |
| 31 Mar 2023 | 57 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £150,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 27 Mar 2023 | 46 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £183,000 | Leasehold. |
| 13 Jan 2023 | 46 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £175,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 17 Nov 2022 | 106 B45 8RA | Terraced | £180,000 | |
| 16 Sep 2022 | 25 B45 8RB | Terraced | £228,500 | |
| 13 Apr 2022 | 62 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £245,000 | |
| 7 Apr 2022 | 56 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £21,500 | |
| 4 Feb 2022 | 84 B45 8RA | Detached | £270,000 | |
| 30 Sep 2021 | 17 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £235,000 | |
| 27 Jul 2021 | 18 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £191,000 | |
| 4 Jun 2021 | 90 B45 8RA | Terraced | £176,000 | |
| 26 Feb 2021 | 102 B45 8RA | Terraced | £130,500 | |
| 3 Dec 2020 | 53 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £190,000 | |
| 27 Nov 2020 | 35 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £182,000 | |
| 3 Nov 2020 | 85 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £174,950 | |
| 23 Oct 2020 | 32 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £190,000 | |
| 22 Oct 2020 | 102 B45 8RA | Terraced | £100,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 2 Oct 2020 | 38 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £170,000 | |
| 22 May 2020 | 36 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £162,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 13 Dec 2019 | 76 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £179,950 | |
| 29 Nov 2019 | 97 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £160,000 | |
| 27 Nov 2019 | 12 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £184,950 | |
| 22 Aug 2019 | 16 B45 8RA | Terraced | £162,500 | |
| 1 Aug 2019 | 62 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £190,000 | |
| 31 May 2019 | 93 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £166,500 | |
| 24 May 2019 | 42 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £190,000 | |
| 17 May 2019 | 91 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £145,000 | Leasehold. |
| 24 Apr 2019 | 84 B45 8RA | Detached | £225,000 | |
| 18 Mar 2019 | 53 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £150,000 | |
| 15 Mar 2019 | 12 B45 8RA | Semi-detached | £133,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 7 Mar 2019 | 23 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £170,000 | |
| 19 Nov 2018 | 83 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £162,000 | Leasehold. |
| 12 Oct 2018 | 100 B45 8RA | Terraced | £167,500 | |
| 20 Jun 2018 | 47 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £166,000 | |
| 6 Jun 2018 | 95 B45 8RB | Semi-detached | £220,000 |
Energy performance certificates
63 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 77 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (51); House, mid-terrace (6); House, detached (4). Built: 1930-1949 (47); 1950-1966 (13); 1900-1929 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (43); rented (private) (7); rented (social) (4).
Each home's certificates and sales (39 addresses)
- 4, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 5, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 8, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 10, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 12, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 16, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 17, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 21, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 22, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 23, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 25, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 27, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 35, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 42, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 47, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 48, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 50, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 52, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 53, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 58, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 62, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 66, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 72, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 75, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 76, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 83, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 84, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 87, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 88, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 91, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 92, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 93, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 95, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 96, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 97, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 98, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 99, Dowar Road, Rednal
- 104 Dowar Road, Rednal
- 106, Dowar Road, Rednal
Council tax
What each band costs in Birmingham in 2026-27: Band D £2,363 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,575 | £1,838 | £2,100 | £2,363 | £2,888 | £3,413 | £3,938 | £4,726 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band B (59% of about 1,400 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): CITY WIDE HMO.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- FORMER MG ROVER WORKS BRISTOL ROAD SOUTH: up to 160 homes, permissioned (540 m (0.3 miles))
- 19 Edgewood Road, Longbridge, Birmingham, B45 8SB: up to 1 home, permissioned (540 m (0.3 miles))
- Land at West Longbridge, West and North of the A38 Bristol Road South, Former MG Factory site, Longbridge, Birmingham, B45: up to 183 homes, permissioned (600 m (0.4 miles))
- FORMER MG ROVER GROUP SITE SOUTH WORKS LICKEY ROAD: up to 220 homes, permissioned (770 m (0.5 miles))
- Park Square B: up to 156 homes, permissioned (850 m (0.5 miles))
- Lowhill Lane: up to 695 homes, permissioned (850 m (0.5 miles))
- Land off Dalmuir Road, Longbridge, Birmingham,: up to 205 homes, permissioned (880 m (0.5 miles))
Roadworks
Planned, as of 31 October 2026
- 2 November 2026 to 4 November 2026: BIRMINGHAM CITY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway, verge (minor works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 3 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| B45 8RA | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 1 | unlikely |
| B45 8RB | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| B45 8RE | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 1 / 2 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 102 addresses are between 182 m and 193 m above sea level (188 m on average); the ground rises about 11 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B45 8RA | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| B45 8RB | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| B45 8RE | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Longbridge 892,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) |
| Northfield 643,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 2.8 km (1.7 miles) | |
| Barnt Green 327,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 3.6 km (2.3 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 9 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 35 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Irwin Avenue Rednal | 170 m |
| Bus or coach station | Alvechurch - Red Lion PH | 5.2 km (3.2 miles) |
| Car parks | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Premier Inn Birmingham South (Rubery) Car Park | 700 m (0.4 miles) |
| EV charging points | 3 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest MFG Charging Station | 560 m (0.3 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Birmingham Airport BHX | 18.3 km (11 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Leach Heath Medical Centre | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Morrisons Pharmacy | 460 m (0.3 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest 17 Edgewood Road | 490 m (0.3 miles) |
| Hospital | West Heath Hospital | 3.1 km (1.9 miles) |
| Police station | Rubery Police Station | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) |
| Cash machines | 3 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Pauls Wine And Convenience Store, Rednal | 280 m |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Cofton Park 51 ha | 540 m (0.3 miles) |
| Play area | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 490 m² | 140 m |
| Playing field | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Leys 2.3 ha | 400 m (0.2 miles) |
| Allotments | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Leys 3.4 ha | 470 m (0.3 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 53 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Hawkesley Farm moated site, a scheduled monument, 1.6 km (1 mile) east. 2 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Hawkesley Farm moated site | Scheduled monument | 1.6 km (1 mile) east |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Bedlam Wood | Wood | 870 m (0.5 miles) north |
| Rednal Hill | Hill | 930 m (0.6 miles) south-west |
| Balaam's Wood | Wood | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) north-west |
| Rubery Hill | Hill | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) north-west |
| Egghill Dingle | Valley | 2.4 km (1.5 miles) north-west |
| Upper Bittell Reservoir | Lake or reservoir | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) south-east |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 9.9 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.3 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 11.6 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 1 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 101 | 102 |
1 of the street's 102 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Birmingham: see them on the Birmingham page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rednal Hill Junior School | Primary | 7–11 | 320 m | Good (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Rednal Hill Infant School | Primary | 3–7 | 320 m | No published inspection |
| Colmers Farm Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 450 m (0.3 miles) | Good (Jun 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Colmers School and Sixth Form College | Secondary | 11–19 | 460 m (0.3 miles) | Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| St Columba's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 530 m (0.3 miles) | No published inspection |
| Rubery Nursery School | Nursery | 2–4 | 530 m (0.3 miles) | No published inspection |
| St James Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 920 m (0.6 miles) | Outstanding (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| The Meadows Primary School | Primary | 5–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Requires improvement (Nov 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Forestdale Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Needs attention; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| King Edward VI Balaam Wood Academy | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) | Good (Jan 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Beaconside Primary and Nursery School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) | Report card (Feb 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Strong standard; Achievement: Strong standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Strong standard; Early years: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Holly Hill Methodist CofE Infant School Church of England/Methodist | Primary | 3–7 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | No published inspection |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rednal Hill Infant School B45 8QY | School/college/university | 80 m | 5 Very good | 23 Sep 2020 |
| BITECREW KITCHEN B45 8QE | Other catering premises | 220 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Himalaya Restaurant B45 9QD | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 240 m | 5 Very good | 21 Apr 2026 |
| Flat B45 9QD | Retailers - other | 240 m | 5 Very good | 19 Jun 2012 |
| Jellybabies Nursery B45 9QD | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 240 m | 5 Very good | 28 Jun 2017 |
| Me 2 You Pizza B45 9QD | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 240 m | 5 Very good | 16 Sep 2026 |
| Longbridge Superstore B45 9QD | Retailers - other | 240 m | 3 Generally satisfactory | 23 Jan 2024 |
| Wafalicious B45 9TZ | Other catering premises | 250 m | 5 Very good | 17 Jan 2022 |
| Rednal Cafe B45 9TZ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 250 m | 2 Improvement necessary | 10 Feb 2026 |
| The Grill Box B45 9TZ | Retailers - other | 250 m | 4 Good | 12 Aug 2025 |
| Rednal Express B45 9TZ | Retailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets | 250 m | 3 Generally satisfactory | 1 Aug 2025 |
| GRILL BOX / SMASH BURGER 42 B45 9TZ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 250 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Tanquility Tanning B45 9TZ | Other catering premises | 260 m | 5 Very good | 29 Oct 2025 |
| delicious falafel only from us B45 8TL | Other catering premises | 270 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Mini Market B45 8TW | Retailers - other | 340 m | 4 Good | 12 Dec 2017 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 43 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 14 |
| Public order | 7 |
| Vehicle crime | 4 |
| Other crime | 3 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 3 |
| Burglary | 3 |
| Other theft | 2 |
| Possession of weapons | 2 |
| Robbery | 1 |
| Shoplifting | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Foxland Avenue (50); On or near Rowberrie Close (7); On or near Fox Hollow Close (6); On or near Bomers Field (6); On or near Ryde Park Road (5).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 36 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 17% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 15% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 62% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 23% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 16% | 17% |
| Private rented | 21% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 68% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 4% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 17% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 2% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 30% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 51% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 4% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 9% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 8% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 54% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 6% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 26% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 16% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 5% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 98% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | under 1% | 2% |
Deprivation
The 2 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 1 to 5 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
- Roadworks Street works permit: BIRMINGHAM CITY COUNCIL: Highway improvement works, 2 November 2026 to 4 November 2026 (some carriageway incursion) found 3 November 2026
- Energy certificates New energy certificate: band D, house, mid-terrace (lodged 16 October 2026) found 2 November 2026
Postcodes on this street
Nearby streets
Rowberrie Close · Rock Avenue · Ryde Park Road · Fox Hollow Close · Foxland Avenue · Creswick Grove · Cliff Rock Road · Irwin Avenue · Tinmeadow Crescent · Kendal Avenue · Alford Close · Kendal Rise Road
All the streets in B45 and across Birmingham.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.