Dwyfor Llanelli, Carmarthenshire

106 addresses across 7 postcodes (SA14), about 660 m (0.4 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 47204130.

  • Sales: 45 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £133,500 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 67 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 25, D: 38, E: 2, F: 1).
  • Flood: No postcode centre on the street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band B; Band D in Carmarthenshire costs £2,351 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 88% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Bynea, about 2.1 km (1.3 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 180 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 5.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 4.6 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 39 to 48 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 3 of its 106 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Llwynhendy Health Centre, about 270 m away.
  • People: About 820 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 50% of households owned their home and 18% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 128 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20262£133,500£127,000£140,000
20242£127,500£95,000£160,000
20233£119,000£112,000£125,000
20222£127,500£106,000£149,000
20213£107,000£89,950£140,000
20201£88,000£88,000£88,000
20192£101,000£87,000£115,000
20181£80,000£80,000£80,000
20172£105,498£101,000£109,995
20161£95,000£95,000£95,000
20143£71,000£57,500£75,000
20131£84,000£84,000£84,000
Most recent sales (45)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
22 May 202615 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£140,000
2 Mar 202654 SA14 9HATerraced£127,000
19 Nov 2024109 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£160,000
2 Jul 2024113 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£95,000
21 Jul 2023109 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£112,000
18 May 202383 SA14 9HATerraced£125,000
10 Mar 202361 SA14 9HATerraced£111,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
3 Feb 202368 SA14 9HATerraced£119,000
23 Sep 202241 SA14 9EHDetached£149,000
22 Apr 202283 SA14 9HATerraced£106,000
29 Sep 202145 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£140,000
17 Aug 202148 SA14 9ELSemi-detached£89,950
9 Jul 202163 SA14 9HATerraced£94,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Apr 202115 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£107,000
11 Jun 202053 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£88,000
20 Jan 202093 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£76,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
11 Nov 20199 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£87,000
1 Feb 20195 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£115,000
30 Aug 2018115 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£80,000
14 Jul 20175 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£109,995
6 Apr 201773 SA14 9HATerraced£101,000
9 Jun 201645 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£95,000
21 Oct 201440 SA14 9ELTerraced£57,500
27 Jun 201415 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£71,000
28 Feb 2014111 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£75,000
17 May 201361 SA14 9HATerraced£84,000
19 Oct 201157 SA14 9HASemi-detached£45,000
5 Nov 20106 SA14 9ELSemi-detached£56,000
24 Sep 20105 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£79,500
26 Sep 20079 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£89,000
18 Jun 200754 SA14 9HATerraced£109,000
9 Feb 200748 SA14 9ELSemi-detached£90,000
18 Aug 200654 SA14 9HATerraced£68,000
7 Jul 200668 SA14 9HATerraced£89,950
29 Jun 2006113 SA14 9EUSemi-detached£92,000
31 May 20065 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£82,000
31 Jan 200641 SA14 9EHDetached£77,000
2 Jun 20057 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£64,000
24 Jan 200547 SA14 9EHTerraced£49,000
16 Jan 20049 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£44,500
24 Jul 200329 SA14 9EHTerraced£46,950
3 Dec 200215 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£34,000
2 Jul 20015 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£22,000
2 Oct 20009 SA14 9EHSemi-detached£24,000
19 May 199516 SA14 9ELSemi-detached£11,500

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from March 2009 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

67 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 74 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (34); House, mid-terrace (21); House, end-terrace (12). Built: 1950-1966 (55); 1930-1949 (7); 1967-1975 (2). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (36); owner-occupied (21); rented (private) (6).

Each home's certificates and sales (19 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Carmarthenshire in 2026-27: Band D £2,351 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.

ABCDEFGHI
£1,567£1,829£2,090£2,351£2,874£3,396£3,919£4,702£5,486

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band B (79% of about 620 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Welsh Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.

Source: DataMapWales (Welsh Government): conservation areas compiled from the councils, and Cadw's listed buildings. Conservation areas are checked at each postcode's centre; some councils' boundaries in this layer have not been updated for years, so the council's own map is the one to rely on. Listed buildings are counted on or by this street. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them.

Roadworks

Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 196 address points in this street's postcodes, 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 4 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: none is in an area at risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 4 at low risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low risk
SA14 9HAnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
SA14 9EHnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
SA14 9ELnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
SA14 9EUnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
SA14 9HDnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
SA14 9EFnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 4
SA14 9EYnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0

Sources: Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales: rivers, sea and surface water (loaded 30 October 2026), and Flood Map for Planning: rivers and sea (loaded 29 October 2026); address points from OS Open UPRN and the ONS UPRN Directory. Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on Natural Resources Wales's flood risk map.

Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and database right. All rights reserved. Some features of this information are based on digital spatial data licensed from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © UKCEH. Defra, Met Office and DARD Rivers Agency © Crown copyright. © Cranfield University. © James Hutton Institute.

Height above sea level

The street's 106 addresses are between 39 m and 48 m above sea level (45 m on average); the ground rises about 9 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
SA14 9EF100%97%97%0%
SA14 9EH100%100%100%0%
SA14 9EL100%100%100%0%
SA14 9EU100%100%100%0%
SA14 9EY100%88%88%0%
SA14 9HA100%100%100%0%
SA14 9HD100%89%89%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsBynea 2,720 journeys in 2024–252.1 km (1.3 miles)
Llanelli 393,000 journeys in 2024–252.9 km (1.8 miles)
Llangennech 4,320 journeys in 2024–253.1 km (1.9 miles)
Bus stops46 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 86 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Dwyfor Cwmcarnhywel40 m
Bus or coach stationLlanelli Bus Station Stand 72.3 km (1.5 miles)
Car parks21 Pottery Street Parking2.4 km (1.5 miles)
EV charging points4 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest InstaVolt Charging Station620 m (0.4 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsCardiff International Airport CWL62.8 km (39 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Llwynhendy Health Centre270 m
Pharmacies3 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Well270 m
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Dental Surgery530 m (0.3 miles)
HospitalPrince Philip Hospital1.2 km (0.8 miles)
Police stationDyfed & Powys Police Llwynhendy Police Station200 m
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Bryncoch Stores Cashzone280 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.0 ha180 m
Play area3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 230 m²630 m (0.4 miles)
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2.3 ha690 m (0.4 miles)
AllotmentsUnnamed 5,730 m²2 km (1.3 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 1.7 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Church of St Michael and all Angels, a listed building (Grade II*), 810 m (0.5 miles) north-west. 2 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Church of St Michael and all AngelsListed building, Grade II*810 m (0.5 miles) north-west
Capel Dewi, LlwynhendyScheduled monument1 km (0.6 miles) south-east
St David's CollieryScheduled monument1 km (0.6 miles) north-east
Capel Isaf CemeteryScheduled monument1.4 km (0.8 miles) west
Parc HowardRegistered park or garden, Grade II2.7 km (1.7 miles) west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Millennium Coastal ParkWood2 km (1.3 miles) south
Coed Waun-fainWood2.7 km (1.7 miles) north
Cwm EdwardsValley3.3 km (2 miles) north-east
Cwm Ty-duValley3.3 km (2 miles) north-west
Tre-Beddrod ReservoirLake or reservoir3.4 km (2.1 miles) north-west
The FlatsWetland3.7 km (2.3 miles) south-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)5.94010
Fine particles (PM2.5)4.6205
Particles (PM10)7.04015

All three are within both the UK limits and the WHO guidelines.

Road and rail noise

Source: Welsh Government, Environmental Noise Mapping 2022 (Wales), modelled with Defra's noise model for every road and railway in Wales and published in August 2023, through DataMapWales: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out aircraft, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic and 54 dB for railways.

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5930
Under 55103106

3 of the street's 106 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Carmarthenshire: see them on the Carmarthenshire page.

Nearest schools

Source: Welsh Government address list of schools in Wales, October 2026 (maintained schools only, placed at their postcode). Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Estyn, which inspects Welsh schools, no longer gives grades; its reports describe each school in words.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Brynsierfel Welsh mediumPrimary3–11290 m Estyn reports · My Local School
Bryn Teg English mediumPrimary3–11600 m (0.4 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Bryn English mediumPrimary3–11920 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St Mary's (Llanelli) Roman Catholic English mediumPrimary3–11940 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St John Lloyd Catholic Comprehensive School Roman Catholic English mediumSecondary11–16940 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Halfway English mediumPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Dafen English mediumPrimary3–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Bryngwyn School Welsh and EnglishSecondary11–161.6 km (1 mile) Estyn reports · My Local School
Bynea English mediumPrimary3–111.6 km (1 mile) Estyn reports · My Local School
Coedcae School English mediumSecondary11–161.7 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Stebonheath English mediumPrimary3–111.8 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Penygaer English mediumPrimary3–111.8 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Jollies on the Hilltop SA14 9AAPub/bar/nightclub100 m3 Generally satisfactory14 Aug 2025
Well Pharmacy SA14 9BNRetailers - other230 m5 Very good19 Nov 2025
Golden Wok SA14 9BGTakeaway/sandwich shop250 mAwaiting inspection
PMC Make It Sweet Ltd SA14 9BGOther catering premises250 m5 Very good29 May 2025
Caffi @ Canolfan Llwynhendy SA14 9HHRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen260 mAwaiting inspection
BRYNCOCH STORES SA14 8RERetailers - other280 m4 Good28 Jul 2017
Migel's Fish Bar SA14 8RETakeaway/sandwich shop280 m5 Very good25 Oct 2022
YSGOL BRYNSIERFEL SA14 9HDSchool/college/university280 m5 Very good9 Jan 2024
Clwb Bydis Brynsierfel SA14 9HDSchool/college/university280 m5 Very good27 Feb 2020
Lifestyle Express SA14 9HFRetailers - other290 m5 Very good3 Jul 2017
The Taj Mahal SA14 9HFTakeaway/sandwich shop290 m4 Good28 Mar 2022
LLYS Y BRYN RESIDENTIAL HOME SA14 9ADHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises380 m5 Very good25 Aug 2026
BRYN GELLI SERVICE STATION SA14 9ADRetailers - other380 m5 Very good8 Oct 2019
BRYN & TRALLWM SPORTS & SOCIAL CLUB SA14 9ADPub/bar/nightclub380 m5 Very good12 Mar 2020
Llwynhendy / Pemberton Forum Food Bank SA14 9ADRetailers - other380 m5 Very good7 Mar 2022

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

128 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences59
Anti-social behaviour25
Criminal damage and arson15
Public order9
Other theft6
Other crime5
Burglary4
Vehicle crime3
Shoplifting1
Robbery1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Heol Elfed (50); On or near Carnhywel (17); On or near Bryn Rhos (17); On or near Brynsierfel (13); On or near Dolwar Fach (12).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 3 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 820 residents in 351 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetWales
Median age3743
Children under 1522%17%
Aged 65 and over16%21%

Homes

Around this streetWales
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)50%66%
Owned outright27%38%
Shared ownership0%under 1%
Social rented41%17%
Private rented9%17%

Work and commuting

Around this streetWales
Adults (16 and over) in work50%54%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)6%6%
Retired (of adults)20%25%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)11%6%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)6%26%
Travel to work by car or van82%61%
By train, Underground, metro or tram0%under 1%
By any public transport, including bus1%3%
On foot or by bicycle9%8%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)63%60%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away7%10%

Education and languages

Around this streetWales
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)18%32%
No qualifications32%20%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification5%6%
Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over)97%97%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%under 1%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 2 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 (Welsh Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Gelli Road · Brynsierfel · Dolwar Fach · Heol Elfed · Y Fan · Lon Ceiriog · Brynawelon · Heol Elfed · Bryn Rhos · Heol Gwili · Llwynhendy Road · Heol Gwalia

All the streets in SA14 and across Carmarthenshire.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.