Elm Walk Stevenage

74 addresses across 4 postcodes (SG2), about 260 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 37805713.

  • Sales: 38 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £325,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 36 homes have an energy certificate (C: 20, D: 15, E: 1).
  • Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in Stevenage costs £2,392 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Stevenage, about 2.5 km (1.6 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Hyde Green, is about 240 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 8.8 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.1 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 104 to 110 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 2 of its 74 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Shephall Health Centre, about 590 m (0.4 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 670 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 58% of households owned their home and 25% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 161 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20261£325,000£325,000£325,000
20251£310,000£310,000£310,000
20241£310,000£310,000£310,000
20221£297,000£297,000£297,000
20211£300,000£300,000£300,000
20201£272,000£272,000£272,000
20191£230,000£230,000£230,000
20171£260,000£260,000£260,000
20162£222,500£210,000£235,000
20131£151,500£151,500£151,500
20101£145,000£145,000£145,000
20091£125,000£125,000£125,000
Most recent sales (38)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
9 Mar 20263 SG2 9UYTerraced£325,000
27 Mar 202546 SG2 9UZTerraced£310,000
10 Sep 202422 SG2 9UZTerraced£310,000
6 Apr 20227 SG2 9UYTerraced£297,000
9 Dec 20211 SG2 9UYTerraced£300,000
18 Dec 202019 SG2 9UYTerraced£272,000
11 Jul 201945 SG2 9UZTerraced£230,000
20 Oct 201715 SG2 9UYTerraced£260,000
2 Sep 20161 SG2 9UYTerraced£235,000
21 Mar 201636 SG2 9UZTerraced£210,000
12 Mar 201337 SG2 9UZTerraced£151,500
22 Jul 20107 SG2 9UYTerraced£145,000
3 Jul 200940 SG2 9UZSemi-detached£125,000
19 Sep 200819 SG2 9UYTerraced£150,000
5 Sep 200829 SG2 9UZTerraced£111,000Leasehold.
8 Aug 200717 SG2 9UYSemi-detached£167,500
25 Jul 200745 SG2 9UZTerraced£150,000
29 Mar 200716 SG2 9UYTerraced£167,000
21 Mar 200624 SG2 9UZTerraced£142,000
4 Mar 200638 SG2 9UZTerraced£137,500
29 Oct 200437 SG2 9UZTerraced£140,000
11 Feb 20044 SG2 9UYTerraced£136,000
9 Jan 200429 SG2 9UZTerraced£117,000
10 Oct 200340 SG2 9UZSemi-detached£120,000
24 Sep 200240 SG2 9UZSemi-detached£101,000
28 Mar 200216 SG2 9UYTerraced£89,995
15 Mar 200220 SG2 9UYTerraced£134,995
4 Jan 200217 SG2 9UYSemi-detached£91,000
4 Jun 200128 SG2 9UZTerraced£52,800
27 Mar 200150 SG2 9UZTerraced£84,500
7 Jul 200024 SG2 9UZTerraced£74,500
10 Sep 19992 SG2 9UYTerraced£69,950
19 Mar 199945 SG2 9UZTerraced£57,500
12 Feb 199937 SG2 9UZTerraced£59,000
25 Oct 199627 SG2 9UZTerraced£30,500
30 Aug 199627 SG2 9UZTerraced£25,000
20 Jun 199629 SG2 9UZTerraced£34,000
30 Jun 199512 SG2 9UYTerraced£46,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from October 2012 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

36 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 74 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (20); House, end-terrace (13); Maisonette, end-terrace (2). Built: 1950-1966 (28); 1967-1975 (5); 1976-1982 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (16); rented (social) (16); rented (private) (4).

Each home's certificates and sales (11 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Stevenage in 2026-27: Band D £2,392 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,595£1,860£2,126£2,392£2,924£3,455£3,987£4,784

Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band C (78% of about 1,260 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the 2 neighbourhoods (census areas of about 700 homes each) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): Stevenage.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 28 September 2026: AFFINITY WATER - C, Utility repair and maintenance works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway (minor works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

No address in this street's postcodes is in an area at high, medium or low risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water. The rest are in areas at very low risk: less than a 0.1% (1 in 1,000) chance a year.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 74 addresses are between 104 m and 110 m above sea level (108 m on average); the ground rises about 7 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
SG2 9TT100%100%100%0%
SG2 9UA100%100%100%0%
SG2 9UY100%100%100%0%
SG2 9UZ100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsStevenage 4.7 million journeys in 2024–252.5 km (1.6 miles)
Knebworth 437,000 journeys in 2024–253.3 km (2.1 miles)
Watton-At-Stone 168,000 journeys in 2024–255.7 km (3.5 miles)
Bus stops14 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 35 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Elm Walk Shephall50 m
Bus or coach stationBus Station Stevenage2.3 km (1.4 miles)
Car parksAsda Stevenage Car Park1.9 km (1.2 miles)
EV charging pointsMFG Charging Station1.6 km (1 mile)
Airport with scheduled flightsLondon Luton Airport LTN13.7 km (8.5 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Shephall Health Centre590 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies7 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest S.l. Anderson400 m (0.2 miles)
NHS dentists3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Dental Surgery230 m
HospitalThe Lister Hospital4.2 km (2.6 miles)
Police stationStevenage Police Station2.3 km (1.4 miles)
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Cooperative Food Shephall, Shephall Cashzone400 m (0.2 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Hyde Green 3,500 m²240 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Fairlands Valley Park 60 ha490 m (0.3 miles)
Play area5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,560 m²350 m
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Peartree Park 8.3 ha240 m
Allotments2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 3,210 m²560 m (0.3 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 4 parks and gardens, 63 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Church of Saint Mary, a listed building (Grade II*), 510 m (0.3 miles) south. 4 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Church of Saint MaryListed building, Grade II*510 m (0.3 miles) south
Whomerley Wood moated siteScheduled monument1.2 km (0.7 miles) west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Peartree SpringWood530 m (0.3 miles) west
Siansean SpringWood560 m (0.3 miles) south-west
Wiltshire's SpringWood570 m (0.4 miles) north-west
Main LakeLake or reservoir790 m (0.5 miles) north-west
Almond's HillHill2.6 km (1.6 miles) north-west
Langley ValleyValley4.8 km (3 miles) west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)8.84010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.1205
Particles (PM10)11.44015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5920
Under 557274

2 of the street's 74 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Stevenage: see them on the Stevenage page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 3 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Peartree Spring Primary SchoolPrimary4–11400 m (0.2 miles) No published inspection
Featherstone Wood Primary SchoolPrimary3–11470 m (0.3 miles) Good (Oct 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Ashtree Primary AcademyPrimary3–11560 m (0.3 miles) Requires improvement (Dec 2021, overall grade under the previous framework)
Barnwell SchoolSecondary11–18610 m (0.4 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Peartree Way Nursery SchoolNursery2–5620 m (0.4 miles) No published inspection
Marriotts SchoolSecondary11–181 km (0.6 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
St Nicholas CofE (VA) Primary School and Nursery Church of EnglandPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Bedwell Primary SchoolPrimary4–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Good (Mar 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Longmeadow Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.3 km (0.8 miles) No overall grade (May 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Requires improvement
Roebuck AcademyPrimary3–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Saint Vincent de Paul Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary3–111.4 km (0.8 miles) Good (Nov 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Camps Hill Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.4 km (0.8 miles) Good (Apr 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Triangle Pre School SG2 9UAHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises200 m5 Very good14 Sep 2026
Stop & Shop SG2 9RFRetailers - other230 m5 Very good20 Jan 2025
Sea Breeze Fish And Chips SG2 9RFTakeaway/sandwich shop240 m4 Good29 Sep 2025
Seabreeze Fish And Chips SG2 9RFTakeaway/sandwich shop250 mAwaiting inspection
Checkers Afro Caribbean Store SG2 9SDRetailers - other340 m5 Very good27 Jan 2025
Costack Spices SG2 9SDDistributors/Transporters340 m5 Very good17 Jun 2026
New World SG2 9SBTakeaway/sandwich shop350 m5 Very good1 Jun 2026
The Hyde Cafe SG2 9SBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen350 mAwaiting inspection
Hyde Kebab SG2 9SBTakeaway/sandwich shop350 m3 Generally satisfactory1 Dec 2025
Ocean Fish Bar SG2 9SDTakeaway/sandwich shop360 m5 Very good1 Oct 2025
The Hyde Bakers SG2 9SDRetailers - other370 m5 Very good10 Jun 2025
Greenside Studio SG2 9SDRetailers - other370 mExempt
The Hyde Offy SG2 9SDRetailers - other370 m5 Very good16 Mar 2023
Shephall Tavern SG2 9SDPub/bar/nightclub370 m5 Very good16 Mar 2023
Greggs PLC SG2 9SDTakeaway/sandwich shop370 mAwaiting inspection

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

161 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences90
Anti-social behaviour26
Criminal damage and arson12
Other theft8
Public order7
Vehicle crime5
Drugs4
Possession of weapons3
Other crime3
Burglary2
Bicycle theft1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Parking Area (35); On or near Elm Walk (25); On or near Warners Close (17); On or near Mackenzie Square (16); On or near The Paddocks (13).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 671 residents in 254 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3640
Children under 1524%17%
Aged 65 and over13%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)58%61%
Owned outright23%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented30%17%
Private rented12%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work65%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)5%6%
Retired (of adults)16%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)4%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)23%32%
Travel to work by car or van58%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram4%4%
By any public transport, including bus8%8%
On foot or by bicycle9%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)57%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away10%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)25%34%
No qualifications21%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification6%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)93%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all1%2%

Deprivation

The 2 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 3 to 5 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

  • SG2 9UZ: 39 addresses of 40 in the postcode
  • SG2 9UY: 23 addresses of 42 in the postcode
  • SG2 9TT: 11 addresses of 82 in the postcode
  • SG2 9UA: 1 address of 40 in the postcode

Nearby streets

Beech Drive · Wigram Way · Godfrey Close · The Hornbeams · Ashleigh · Long Hyde · Mackenzie Square · Unwin Road · The Paddocks · The Ridings · Unwin Place · Warners Close

All the streets in SG2 and across Stevenage.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.