Flaxley Close Lincoln

20 addresses across 1 postcode (LN2), about 100 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 23501396.

  • Sales: 53 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £208,000 across 3 sales.
  • Energy: 18 homes have an energy certificate (C: 16, D: 2).
  • Flood: 1 address on its postcodes is in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band B; Band D in Lincoln costs £2,323 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Lincoln, about 3.2 km (2 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 140 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 6.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.7 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: It is about 40 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 1 of its 20 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Glebe Park Surgery, about 470 m (0.3 miles) away.
  • People: About 500 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 73% of households owned their home and 49% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 44 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20253£208,000£123,000£270,000
20244£127,500£104,000£240,000
20231£223,000£223,000£223,000
20224£176,030£123,000£240,000
20213£228,000£102,500£252,000
20202£153,625£117,250£190,000
20191£175,000£175,000£175,000
20154£167,500£110,000£172,000
20131£151,000£151,000£151,000
20112£146,500£146,000£147,000
20101£146,000£146,000£146,000
20091£160,000£160,000£160,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 53)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
21 Jan 202611 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£133,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
31 Oct 20252 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£123,000Leasehold.
30 May 20255 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£115,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
21 Mar 202519 LN2 4GJTerraced£208,000
14 Mar 20251 LN2 4GJDetached£270,000
4 Oct 20248 LN2 4GJTerraced£240,000
27 Sep 202410 LN2 4GJOther£229,950Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
30 Jul 20247 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£130,000Leasehold.
26 Jun 20249 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£104,000Leasehold.
10 May 202410 LN2 4GJTerraced£220,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
1 Mar 202411 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£125,000Leasehold.
3 Feb 20235 LN2 4GJDetached£223,000Leasehold.
3 Feb 202321 LN2 4GJOther£223,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Dec 202223 LN2 4GJTerraced£220,000
28 Jun 202211 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£123,000Leasehold.
13 May 202213 LN2 4GJSemi-detached£132,060Leasehold.
29 Apr 20221 LN2 4GJDetached£240,000
15 Dec 202125 LN2 4GJTerraced£252,000
5 Nov 202115 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£102,500Leasehold.
23 Feb 20211 LN2 4GJDetached£228,000
4 Aug 202017 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£117,250Leasehold.
27 Jan 20206 LN2 4GJTerraced£190,000
13 Dec 20196 LN2 4GJTerraced£190,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
18 Nov 201919 LN2 4GJTerraced£175,000
27 Nov 201517 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£110,000Leasehold.
5 Jun 20158 LN2 4GJTerraced£172,000
30 Apr 20153 LN2 4GJDetached£170,000
17 Apr 20154 LN2 4GJTerraced£165,000
30 May 201325 LN2 4GJTerraced£151,000
26 Aug 201110 LN2 4GJTerraced£146,000
9 May 20111 LN2 4GJDetached£147,000
10 Dec 20104 LN2 4GJTerraced£146,000
16 Jul 20091 LN2 4GJDetached£160,000
28 Oct 20084 LN2 4GJTerraced£143,000
2 Jul 200813 LN2 4GJSemi-detached£100,000Leasehold.
14 Feb 20083 LN2 4GJDetached£179,000
29 Mar 200719 LN2 4GJTerraced£146,000New build.
22 Dec 20065 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£109,000Leasehold.
10 Nov 200623 LN2 4GJTerraced£152,000New build.
31 Oct 20065 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£115,000Leasehold.
14 Oct 200621 LN2 4GJTerraced£159,000New build.
11 Oct 20064 LN2 4GJTerraced£165,000New build.
4 Oct 20066 LN2 4GJTerraced£161,500New build.
22 Sep 20068 LN2 4GJTerraced£156,750New build.
4 Sep 20069 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£118,750New build. Leasehold.
25 Aug 20067 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£125,000New build. Leasehold.
18 Aug 20062 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£114,000New build. Leasehold.
28 Jul 200625 LN2 4GJSemi-detached£166,250New build.
26 Jul 200613 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£125,000New build. Leasehold.
28 Jun 200617 LN2 4GJFlat or maisonette£119,700New build. Leasehold.

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from February 2013 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

18 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 91 m². Most common: Flat (8); House, mid-terrace (5); House, detached (3). Built: 2003-2006 (16); 2007-2011 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (11); rented (private) (7).

Each home's certificates and sales (6 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Lincoln in 2026-27: Band D £2,323 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,549£1,807£2,065£2,323£2,839£3,356£3,872£4,646

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band B (38% of about 1,160 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 11 September 2026: LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, stop/go boards, on the carriageway (minor works)
  • 7 August 2026: LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, road closure, on the carriageway (major works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 1 address is in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 0 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre is in flood zone 2 or 3.

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's addresses are about 40 m above sea level.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
LN2 4GJ100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsLincoln 2.3 million journeys in 2024–253.2 km (2 miles)
Hykeham 209,000 journeys in 2024–258.5 km (5.3 miles)
Saxilby 94,000 journeys in 2024–2511.2 km (7 miles)
Bus stops7 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 26 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Padley Road Lincoln110 m
Bus or coach stationCentral Bus Station Lincoln3.1 km (1.9 miles)
Car parksSt Pauls Lane Car Park2.7 km (1.7 miles)
EV charging points1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Shell Recharge Charging Station1.6 km (1 mile)
Airport with scheduled flightsHumberside Airport HUY38.4 km (24 miles)
Nearest large airportEast Midlands Airport EMA72 km (45 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Glebe Park Surgery470 m (0.3 miles)
Pharmacies3 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Boots470 m (0.3 miles)
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Carlton Mews Dental Surgery470 m (0.3 miles)
HospitalLincoln County Hospital (Nuh)1.7 km (1 mile)
Police stationLincoln Abbey Police Office2.2 km (1.4 miles)
Cash machines1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Lincolnshire Co-op - Carlton Centre, Carlton Centre, Outer Circle Road Cashzone480 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 6,180 m²140 m
Play area4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,130 m²50 m
Playing fieldKing George's Field 9.6 ha860 m (0.5 miles)
AllotmentsWragby Road Allotments 4.8 ha1.2 km (0.8 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 1.2 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Greetwell medieval village, cultivation and post-medieval garden remains, a scheduled monument, 1.7 km (1.1 miles) south-east. 2 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Greetwell medieval village, cultivation and post-medieval garden remainsScheduled monument1.7 km (1.1 miles) south-east
Monk's AbbeyScheduled monument2 km (1.2 miles) south-west
Lime kilns at The Dell, off Wragby RoadScheduled monument2 km (1.2 miles) south-west
Lincoln ArboretumRegistered park or garden, Grade II2.1 km (1.3 miles) south-west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Fox CovertWood1.6 km (1 mile) east
PC WoodWood2.6 km (1.6 miles) north
Brayford PoolLake or reservoir3.4 km (2.1 miles) south-west
North WoodWood3.6 km (2.3 miles) north-west
Briary HoltWood3.8 km (2.4 miles) north-west
Turnpike BeltWood4.4 km (2.7 miles) north-east

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)6.94010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.7205
Particles (PM10)14.84015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5910
Under 551920

1 of the street's 20 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Lincoln: see them on the Lincoln page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 3 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Lincoln Carlton AcademyPrimary4–11390 m No overall grade (Apr 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
St Giles AcademyPrimary4–111.1 km (0.7 miles) Report card (Feb 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Urgent improvement; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Needs attention; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met
The Lincoln St Giles Nursery SchoolNursery0–51.1 km (0.7 miles) No published inspection
Lincoln Christ's Hospital School ChristianSecondary11–181.5 km (0.9 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Our Lady of Lincoln Catholic Primary School A Voluntary Academy Roman CatholicPrimary4–111.7 km (1.1 miles) Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Ermine Primary AcademyPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) Good (Feb 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Costa LN2 4WJRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen130 m5 Very good24 Sep 2025
The Lincolnshire Poacher LN2 4QTRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen270 m5 Very good24 Oct 2024
Olsen Court Nursing Home LN2 4UZHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises300 m5 Very good29 Apr 2025
Greetwell Hollow Day Nursery LN2 4AGHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises330 m5 Very good22 Jun 2026
Lincoln Carlton Academy LN2 4AGSchool/college/university330 m5 Very good5 Dec 2024
Bunkers Hill Care Home LN2 4WQHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises420 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good17 Jun 2026
Card Factory LN2 4FJRetailers - other460 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good2 Oct 2024
Lincolnshire Co-op Carlton Centre Food Store LN2 4FNRetailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets470 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good10 Apr 2026
No 7 Coffee House & Bar LN2 4FNRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen480 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good4 Mar 2026
Coopland & Son (Scarborough) Ltd LN2 4FNRetailers - other480 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good9 Jul 2026
Little Lincoln LN2 4FNRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen480 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good26 May 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

44 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences15
Anti-social behaviour12
Public order6
Criminal damage and arson4
Other theft3
Vehicle crime2
Burglary1
Other crime1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Flaxley Close (8); On or near Kirkstall Close (8); On or near Bobbin Lane (7); On or near Blackfriars Road (6); On or near Sympson Close (5).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 504 residents in 180 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3440
Children under 1527%17%
Aged 65 and over5%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)73%61%
Owned outright25%33%
Shared ownership0%1%
Social rented0%17%
Private rented27%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work74%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)2%6%
Retired (of adults)10%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)2%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)32%32%
Travel to work by car or van57%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tramunder 1%4%
By any public transport, including bus2%8%
On foot or by bicycle8%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)81%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away10%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)49%34%
No qualifications7%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification4%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)94%91%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 6 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

  • LN2 4GJ: 20 addresses of 21 in the postcode

Nearby streets

Byland Close · Kirkstall Close · Stukeley Close · Carlton Boulevard · Leyland Close · Flaxley Road · Gabriel Crescent · Padley Road · Buck Close · Sympson Close · Blackfriars Road · Marrat Close

All the streets in LN2 and across Lincoln.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.