Gwelfryn Prestatyn, Denbighshire

43 addresses across 2 postcodes (LL19), about 110 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 46700540.

  • Sales: 75 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £65,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 33 homes have an energy certificate (B: 2, C: 16, D: 12, E: 3).
  • Flood: At least one postcode centre is in flood zone 3.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in Denbighshire costs £2,339 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 71% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Prestatyn, about 360 m away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Coronation Gardens, is about 430 m (0.3 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 3.8 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.0 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: It is about 5 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 3 of its 43 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Upcc At Healthy Prestatyn, about 650 m (0.4 miles) away, with 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 240 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 54% of households owned their home and 21% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 16 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often anti-social behaviour.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20251£65,000£65,000£65,000
20242£93,000£81,000£105,000
20222£105,000£80,000£130,000
20212£106,250£87,500£125,000
20201£136,000£136,000£136,000
20162£72,125£69,250£75,000
20111£74,000£74,000£74,000
20101£107,500£107,500£107,500
20091£68,000£68,000£68,000
20072£84,000£78,000£90,000
20062£82,750£82,500£83,000
20053£80,000£75,000£92,500
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 75)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
19 Dec 202525 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£65,000Leasehold.
12 Dec 202412 LL19 7SATerraced£105,000
5 Sep 202417 LL19 7SATerraced£75,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
31 May 202436 LL19 7SATerraced£81,000Leasehold.
24 May 202423 LL19 7SATerraced£86,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
6 Apr 202220 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£80,000Leasehold.
11 Feb 20228 LL19 7SASemi-detached£130,000
27 Sep 20217 LL19 7SASemi-detached£125,000
23 Mar 202135 LL19 7SATerraced£102,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
17 Mar 202114 LL19 7SATerraced£87,500Leasehold.
30 Oct 20207A LL19 7SADetached£136,000
28 Feb 202017 LL19 7SATerraced£68,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
1 Feb 201930 LL19 7SASemi-detached£65,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
19 Jan 20177A LL19 7SAOther£30,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
31 Mar 201625 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£69,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Mar 201629 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£69,250Leasehold.
19 Feb 201638 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£75,000Leasehold.
30 Oct 201515 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£72,500Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
21 Nov 201114 LL19 7SATerraced£74,000Leasehold.
25 Oct 201011 LL19 7SASemi-detached£107,500
5 Nov 200936 LL19 7SATerraced£68,000Leasehold.
29 Jun 200718 LL19 7SASemi-detached£78,000Leasehold.
2 Feb 200728 LL19 7SASemi-detached£90,000Leasehold.
7 Sep 200626 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£83,000Leasehold.
2 May 200627 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£82,500Leasehold.
30 Aug 200528 LL19 7SASemi-detached£80,000Leasehold.
1 Aug 20057 LL19 7SASemi-detached£92,500
20 Jan 200524 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£75,000Leasehold.
1 Sep 200425 LL19 7SASemi-detached£72,000Leasehold.
25 Aug 200411 LL19 7SASemi-detached£100,500
14 Jul 200435 LL19 7SATerraced£89,000
23 Jun 20048 LL19 7SASemi-detached£84,500
16 Jun 200437 LL19 7SATerraced£66,000Leasehold.
28 May 200432 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£66,000Leasehold.
17 Mar 200417 LL19 7SATerraced£60,000Leasehold.
26 Jan 200410 LL19 7SASemi-detached£20,000Leasehold.
19 Dec 200323 LL19 7SATerraced£60,000Leasehold.
12 Dec 200312 LL19 7SATerraced£80,000
31 Oct 200328 LL19 7SASemi-detached£59,000Leasehold.
15 Oct 200330 LL19 7SASemi-detached£60,000Leasehold.
19 Sep 200319 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£56,000Leasehold.
29 Aug 200314 LL19 7SATerraced£56,000Leasehold.
23 May 200329 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£47,000Leasehold.
2 May 200322 LL19 7SASemi-detached£40,000Leasehold.
1 May 200339 LL19 7SAFlat or maisonette£46,000Leasehold.
27 Feb 200333 LL19 7SASemi-detached£46,000Leasehold.
31 Jan 20038 LL19 7SASemi-detached£52,000
8 Nov 200215 LL19 7SASemi-detached£46,000Leasehold.
13 Sep 200210 LL19 7SASemi-detached£13,500Leasehold.
26 Jul 200212 LL19 7SATerraced£60,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from March 2012 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

33 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 49 m². Most common: Flat (18); House, semi-detached (9); Maisonette, semi-detached (4). Built: 1983-1990 (11); 1976-1982 (10); 1991-1995 (9). Tenure at assessment: rented (private) (23); owner-occupied (8); rented (social) (1).

Each home's certificates and sales (12 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Denbighshire in 2026-27: Band D £2,339 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.

ABCDEFGHI
£1,559£1,819£2,079£2,339£2,859£3,379£3,898£4,678£5,458

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band C (32% of about 770 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Welsh Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.

Source: DataMapWales (Welsh Government): conservation areas compiled from the councils, and Cadw's listed buildings. Conservation areas are checked at each postcode's centre; some councils' boundaries in this layer have not been updated for years, so the council's own map is the one to rely on. Listed buildings are counted on or by this street. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them.

Roadworks

Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 99 address points in this street's postcodes, 4 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 95 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: 4 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 95 at low risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 1 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 12 at low risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: at least one postcode centre is in flood zone 3. Zone 3 is a 1% (1 in 100) or greater annual chance of flooding from rivers, or 0.5% from the sea, ignoring defences. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low risk
LL19 7SAzone 3 3 / 0 / 37
LL19 7SFzone 3 1 / 0 / 58

Sources: Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales: rivers, sea and surface water (loaded 30 October 2026), and Flood Map for Planning: rivers and sea (loaded 29 October 2026); address points from OS Open UPRN and the ONS UPRN Directory. Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on Natural Resources Wales's flood risk map.

Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and database right. All rights reserved. Some features of this information are based on digital spatial data licensed from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © UKCEH. Defra, Met Office and DARD Rivers Agency © Crown copyright. © Cranfield University. © James Hutton Institute.

Height above sea level

The street's addresses are about 5 m above sea level.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
LL19 7SA100%100%100%0%
LL19 7SF100%71%71%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsPrestatyn 369,000 journeys in 2024–25360 m
Rhyl 612,000 journeys in 2024–255.5 km (3.4 miles)
Abergele and Pensarn 105,000 journeys in 2024–2512.2 km (7.6 miles)
Bus stops11 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 34 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Sandy Lane Prestatyn160 m
Bus or coach stationPrestatyn Bus Station Stand 1400 m (0.2 miles)
Car parks2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Lower High Street Car Park370 m
EV charging pointsInstaVolt Charging Station5.1 km (3.2 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsLiverpool John Lennon Airport LPL37.5 km (23 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Upcc At Healthy Prestatyn650 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Pritchards Pharmacy190 m
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Kings Avenue (Dental Surgery)540 m (0.3 miles)
HospitalRoyal Alexandra Hospital4.7 km (2.9 miles)
Police stationRhyl Police Station5.5 km (3.4 miles)
Cash machines3 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest M&S ATM520 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden6 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Coronation Gardens 9,790 m²430 m (0.3 miles)
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Unnamed 13 ha750 m (0.5 miles)
Play area7 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 540 m²170 m
Playing field4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2.1 ha600 m (0.4 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,620 m²760 m (0.5 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 6 parks and gardens, 14 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Prestatyn Roman Site, a scheduled monument, 1.2 km (0.8 miles) south. 11 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Prestatyn Roman SiteScheduled monument1.2 km (0.8 miles) south
Prestatyn CastleScheduled monument1.2 km (0.8 miles) east
Round Barrow on Coed Yr EsgobScheduled monument1.8 km (1.1 miles) south-east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Coed y MorfaWood550 m (0.3 miles) south-west
BottomWetland1.2 km (0.7 miles) west
Nant Mill PoolLake or reservoir1.3 km (0.8 miles) east
Traeth FfrithBeach1.6 km (1 mile) west
The DingleValley2.1 km (1.3 miles) east
Graig FawrHill2.6 km (1.6 miles) south

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)3.84010
Fine particles (PM2.5)5.0205
Particles (PM10)8.04015

All three are within both the UK limits and the WHO guidelines.

Road and rail noise

Source: Welsh Government, Environmental Noise Mapping 2022 (Wales), modelled with Defra's noise model for every road and railway in Wales and published in August 2023, through DataMapWales: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out aircraft, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic and 54 dB for railways.

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
60 to 6405
55 to 59312
Under 554026

3 of the street's 43 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, and 17 from railways, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Denbighshire: see them on the Denbighshire page.

Nearest schools

Source: Welsh Government address list of schools in Wales, October 2026 (maintained schools only, placed at their postcode). Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Estyn, which inspects Welsh schools, no longer gives grades; its reports describe each school in words.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Ysgol Penmorfa CP English mediumPrimary3–11600 m (0.4 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Bodnant Community Primary School English mediumPrimary3–11930 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Prestatyn High School English mediumSecondary11–191 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Y Llys Welsh mediumPrimary3–111.1 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Clawdd Offa English mediumPrimary4–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Go Local Prestatyn LL19 7SPRetailers - other130 m4 Good13 Feb 2015
Ng Takeaway LL19 7SPTakeaway/sandwich shop130 m3 Generally satisfactory23 Aug 2026
Greggs LL19 7SRRetailers - other190 m5 Very good4 Apr 2024
Glow Eats LL19 7SRRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen190 mAwaiting inspection
James Fish Bar LL19 7SRTakeaway/sandwich shop190 m5 Very good26 Feb 2026
Royal Victoria LL19 7SGRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen210 m4 Good19 Oct 2023
Co op LL19 7TDRetailers - other310 m5 Very good30 Sep 2026
Prestatyn Justice Centre LL19 7TERestaurant/Cafe/Canteen310 m5 Very good5 Jan 2017
The Pendyffryn Club LL19 7SSPub/bar/nightclub360 m5 Very good26 Jun 2014
Little Rascals Day Nursery LL19 7SSHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises360 m5 Very good27 Jan 2026
Home Bargains LL19 7SERetailers - other360 m5 Very good30 Dec 2022
Wok Fish Bar LL19 7ESTakeaway/sandwich shop360 m5 Very good12 Aug 2026
The Suhail Tandoori Restaurant Ltd LL19 7ESRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen360 m3 Generally satisfactory19 Jun 2025
Paanshee Restaurant LL19 7ESRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen360 m5 Very good6 Mar 2024
New Munch LL19 7ESTakeaway/sandwich shop360 m4 Good13 May 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

16 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Anti-social behaviour6
Violence and sexual offences5
Criminal damage and arson4
Public order1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Gwelfryn (5); On or near Victoria Park Avenue (4); On or near Sea Road (4); On or near Sandy Lane (2); On or near Glan Y Gors (1).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 243 residents in 151 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetWales
Median age5843
Children under 1510%17%
Aged 65 and over39%21%

Homes

Around this streetWales
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)54%66%
Owned outright45%38%
Shared ownership9%under 1%
Social rented3%17%
Private rented35%17%

Work and commuting

Around this streetWales
Adults (16 and over) in work37%54%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)9%6%
Retired (of adults)42%25%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)6%6%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)20%26%
Travel to work by car or van43%61%
By train, Underground, metro or tram4%under 1%
By any public transport, including bus9%3%
On foot or by bicycle29%8%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)70%60%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away11%10%

Education and languages

Around this streetWales
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)21%32%
No qualifications26%20%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification7%6%
Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over)99%97%
Cannot speak English well or at all0%under 1%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 4 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 (Welsh Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

  • Food hygiene ratings Munch (takeaway/sandwich shop, LL19 7ES) is no longer listed; it was rated Awaiting inspection found 3 November 2026
  • Food hygiene ratings Holland & Barrett (retailers - other, LL19 9AF) is no longer listed; it was rated 5 Very good found 3 November 2026
  • Energy certificates New energy certificate: band C, house, semi-detached (lodged 19 October 2026) found 2 November 2026

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Victoria Park Avenue · Tywyn Isaf · Pen Tywyn · Victoria Road · Gorphwysfa Avenue · Sandy Lane · Sea Road · Glan y Gors · Chapel Road · Norton Avenue · Windermere Drive · Derwent Close

All the streets in LL19 and across Denbighshire.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.