High Street Grantham, South Kesteven
179 addresses across 8 postcodes (NG31), about 330 m long, classed as a b road. USRN 35841773.
- Sales: 32 recorded sales since 1995; in 2022 the median was £70,000 across 1 sale.
- Energy: 20 homes have an energy certificate (C: 4, D: 8, E: 2, F: 5, G: 1).
- Flood: 24 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in South Kesteven costs £2,260 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 0% to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Grantham, about 590 m (0.4 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: There is a small park or garden about 120 m away, and Wyndham Park (2.9 hectares) is about 520 m (0.3 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 8.4 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.0 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 57 to 60 m above sea level.
- Noise: 169 of its 180 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Vine Street Surgery, about 220 m away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 350 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 7% of households owned their home and 21% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 769 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often shoplifting.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 1 | £70,000 | £70,000 | £70,000 |
| 2018 | 2 | £57,275 | £50,000 | £64,550 |
| 2006 | 1 | £100,000 | £100,000 | £100,000 |
| 2005 | 1 | £222,500 | £222,500 | £222,500 |
| 2004 | 1 | £440,000 | £440,000 | £440,000 |
| 2003 | 1 | £160,000 | £160,000 | £160,000 |
| 2000 | 1 | £110,000 | £110,000 | £110,000 |
| 1999 | 1 | £150,000 | £150,000 | £150,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 Apr 2025 | THE OLD BANK, 55 NG31 6NE | Other | £1,386,125 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 2 Apr 2024 | 6 NG31 6PN | Other | £210,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 8 Mar 2024 | 8 - 9 NG31 6PN | Other | £260,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 7 Mar 2024 | 52 - 54 NG31 6NE | Other | £225,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 1 Feb 2024 | 7 NG31 6PN | Other | £225,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 13 Dec 2023 | 10 NG31 6PN | Other | £474,279 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 2 Dec 2022 | 20 NG31 6PH | Other | £398,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Jan 2022 | 37A NG31 6PH | Flat or maisonette | £70,000 | Leasehold. |
| 22 Dec 2021 | 46 NG31 6NE | Other | £42,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 18 Oct 2021 | 41 NG31 6NE | Other | £122,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 6 Apr 2021 | 26A NG31 6SA | Other | £470,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 3 Nov 2020 | 37A NG31 6PH | Other | £182,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 11 Sep 2020 | GROUND FLOOR SHOP AND BASEMENT, 26 - 27A NG31 6PH | Other | £20,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 13 Jun 2019 | 53A NG31 6NE | Other | £570,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 11 Jun 2019 | GROUND FLOOR SHOP AND BASEMENT, 26 - 27A NG31 6PH | Other | £20,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 11 Oct 2018 | 37A NG31 6PH | Flat or maisonette | £64,550 | Leasehold. |
| 13 Aug 2018 | 46 NG31 6NE | Other | £30,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 20 Apr 2018 | 49 - 51 NG31 6NE | Other | £950,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 18 Apr 2018 | 11 NG31 6PN | Other | £265,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 18 Apr 2018 | 11 NG31 6PN | Other | £230,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 30 Jan 2018 | 37A NG31 6PH | Flat or maisonette | £50,000 | Leasehold. |
| 16 Nov 2017 | 68 NG31 6NR | Other | £450,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 30 Mar 2017 | 36 NG31 6PH | Other | £425,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Oct 2016 | 18 NG31 6PN | Other | £52,800 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 29 Jun 2016 | 37A NG31 6PH | Other | £250,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 9 Jun 2014 | 10 NG31 6PN | Other | £685,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 7 Jun 2006 | 7 NG31 6PN | Detached | £100,000 | |
| 1 Feb 2005 | 64 NG31 6NN | Detached | £222,500 | |
| 20 Feb 2004 | 69 NG31 6NR | Terraced | £440,000 | |
| 4 Mar 2003 | 67 NG31 6NN | Detached | £160,000 | |
| 8 May 2000 | 12 NG31 6PN | Terraced | £110,000 | |
| 16 Aug 1999 | 67 NG31 6NN | Detached | £150,000 |
Energy performance certificates
20 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 68 m². Most common: Flat (11); Maisonette, mid-terrace (4); Maisonette, semi-detached (2). Built: before 1900 (11); 1900-1929 (5); 1967-1975 (1). Tenure at assessment: rented (private) (13).
Each home's certificates and sales (10 addresses)
Council tax
What each band costs in South Kesteven in 2026-27: Band D £2,260 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,507 | £1,758 | £2,009 | £2,260 | £2,762 | £3,264 | £3,767 | £4,520 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (66% of about 1,170 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: yes, Grantham. Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: 41.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Listed buildings
- ANGEL AND ROYAL HOTEL, grade I
- EXTENSIONS OF ANGEL AND ROYAL HOTEL ON NORTH SIDE OF FRONT BLOCK, grade I
- GEORGE HOTEL, grade II*
- 1, 3, 3A, 5 and 7 Watergate, grade II
- 11 and 15 Watergate, grade II
- 11, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 12, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 13, VINE STREET, grade II
- 14, VINE STREET, grade II
- 15 AND 15A, FINKIN STREET, grade II
- 15, VINE STREET, grade II
- 16, FINKIN STREET, grade II
- 17, MARKET PLACE, grade II
- 18 AND 19A, MARKET PLACE, grade II
- 19, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 19, MARKET PLACE, grade II
- 2-4, ST PETER'S HILL, grade II
- 20 AND 20A, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 20 AND 21, MARKET PLACE, grade II
- 21 AND 23, WATERGATE, grade II
- 4, 4A, 5 AND 6, WESTGATE, grade II
- 42, ST PETER'S HILL, grade II
- 44, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 45, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 47 and 48 High Street (formerly White Hart Public House), grade II
- 54-56, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 62, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 63, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 64, HIGH STREET, grade II
- 65 AND 66, HIGH STREET, grade II
And 11 more.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Old Tannery, Earlsfield Lane: up to 11 homes, not permissioned (1 km (0.6 miles))
Roadworks
Finished in the last three months
- 22 July 2026 to 28 August 2026: National Grid Electricity Distribution (East Midlands), Utility repair and maintenance works, no carriageway incursion, on the footway (immediate - urgent works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 10 addresses are in areas at high risk, 14 at medium risk and 33 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| NG31 6LH | not in 2 or 3 | 1 / 1 / 11 | unlikely |
| NG31 6PN | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| NG31 6PH | not in 2 or 3 | 8 / 9 / 9 | unlikely |
| NG31 6NE | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 4 | unlikely |
| NG31 6NN | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 2 / 4 | unlikely |
| NG31 6SA | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 2 / 4 | unlikely |
| NG31 6NR | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
| NG31 6NS | not in 2 or 3 | 1 / 0 / 1 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 180 addresses are between 57 m and 60 m above sea level (58 m on average).
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NG31 6LH | 98% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| NG31 6NE | 100% | 18% | 18% | 0% |
| NG31 6NN | 100% | 33% | 33% | 0% |
| NG31 6NR | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| NG31 6NS | 89% | 85% | 85% | 0% |
| NG31 6PH | 97% | 63% | 63% | 0% |
| NG31 6PN | 100% | 78% | 78% | 0% |
| NG31 6SA | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Grantham 1.5 million journeys in 2024–25 | 590 m (0.4 miles) |
| Bottesford 57,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 10.9 km (6.8 miles) | |
| Ancaster 5,530 journeys in 2024–25 | 11.1 km (6.9 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 9 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 33 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Boots Grantham | 70 m |
| Bus or coach station | Bus Station Grantham | 230 m |
| EV charging points | 2 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest InstaVolt Charging Station | 640 m (0.4 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | East Midlands Airport EMA | 47 km (29 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Vine Street Surgery | 220 m |
| Pharmacies | 8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Boots | 60 m |
| NHS dentists | 6 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Genesis Dental Care | 110 m |
| Hospital | Grantham & District Hospital | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| Police station | Lincolnshire Police | 510 m (0.3 miles) |
| Cash machines | 4 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Cashpoint® 42 St Peters Hill Lloyds Bank | 110 m |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2,110 m² | 120 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Wyndham Park 2.9 ha | 520 m (0.3 miles) |
| Play area | 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 380 m² | 600 m (0.4 miles) |
| Playing field | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 3,900 m² | 590 m (0.4 miles) |
| Allotments | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 4,380 m² | 270 m |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 5 parks and gardens, 5.6 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is George Hotel, a listed building (Grade II*), 90 m north-west. 165 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 7 of them Grade I and 4 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| George Hotel | Listed building, Grade II* | 90 m north-west |
| Angel and Royal Hotel | Listed building, Grade I | 190 m north |
| Grantham market cross | Scheduled monument | 190 m north-west |
| Extensions of Angel and Royal Hotel on North Side of Front Block | Listed building, Grade I | 200 m north |
| Conduit House, Market Place | Scheduled monument | 200 m north-west |
| Vine House | Listed building, Grade II* | 250 m north |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Hall's Hill | Hill | 1.6 km (1 mile) east |
| Brickkiln Plantation | Wood | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) north |
| Warren Plantation | Wood | 3 km (1.9 miles) south |
| Villa Pond | Lake or reservoir | 3 km (1.9 miles) north-east |
| Stubbock Hill | Hill | 3 km (1.9 miles) north-west |
| Towthorpe Hollow Ponds | Lake or reservoir | 3.1 km (1.9 miles) north-east |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 8.4 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.0 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 12.3 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 70 to 74 | 13 | 0 |
| 65 to 69 | 77 | 0 |
| 60 to 64 | 68 | 0 |
| 55 to 59 | 11 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 11 | 180 |
169 of the street's 180 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for South Kesteven: see them on the South Kesteven page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Wulfram's National Church of England Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 290 m | No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Requires improvement; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| The King's School, Grantham | Secondary | 11–18 | 460 m (0.3 miles) | Good (Dec 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Grantham College | 16 plus | 16–99 | 460 m (0.3 miles) | No published inspection |
| Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School | Secondary | 11–18 | 540 m (0.3 miles) | Outstanding (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Huntingtower Community Primary Academy | Primary | 4–11 | 680 m (0.4 miles) | Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Wyndham Park Nursery School | Nursery | 2–5 | 790 m (0.5 miles) | No published inspection |
| The Little Gonerby Church of England Primary Academy, Grantham | Primary | 4–11 | 820 m (0.5 miles) | Good (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Saint Mary's Catholic Voluntary Academy Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 880 m (0.5 miles) | No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| St Anne's Church of England Primary School, Grantham | Primary | 4–11 | 890 m (0.6 miles) | No published inspection |
| The Isaac Newton Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1 km (0.6 miles) | No overall grade (Feb 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| Cliffedale Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Good (Feb 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| The Priory Ruskin Academy | Secondary | 11–19 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toor Superstore NG31 6NE | Retailers - other | 20 m | 1 Major improvement necessary | 9 Jan 2026 |
| Mini Shop NG31 6PH | Retailers - other | 30 m | 4 Good | 1 Nov 2024 |
| TG Jones High Street Limited NG31 6NE | Retailers - other | 30 m | 5 Very good | 10 Apr 2026 |
| B & M Stores NG31 6NE | Retailers - other | 50 m | 5 Very good | 7 Aug 2025 |
| Boots The Chemists NG31 6NE | Retailers - other | 50 m | 5 Very good | 8 Dec 2025 |
| The Piggy Bank NG31 6QZ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 60 m | 5 Very good | 29 Jul 2025 |
| Kings Walk Cafe NG31 6NL | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 90 m | 5 Very good | 7 Oct 2025 |
| Katana Japanese Cuisine NG31 6LH | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 90 m | 4 Good | 16 Apr 2026 |
| Nirvana NG31 6LH | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 90 m | 4 Good | 27 Mar 2026 |
| The Reading Room NG31 6LH | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 90 m | Exempt | |
| The Naughty Delicious Company Ltd NG31 6LH | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 100 m | 5 Very good | 6 Feb 2026 |
| Party Planet NG31 6LH | Other catering premises | 100 m | 5 Very good | 5 Sep 2025 |
| Bhive Community Hub NG31 6QZ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 100 m | 5 Very good | 9 Sep 2026 |
| Knightingales NG31 6NJ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 100 m | 4 Good | 18 Jun 2026 |
| Old Bank (inc.K-Town, Fluster Cluck, Locked and Loaded, 88th Street, NG31 6NJ | Pub/bar/nightclub | 100 m | 4 Good | 2 Sep 2025 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Shoplifting | 231 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 199 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 125 |
| Public order | 103 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 37 |
| Other theft | 23 |
| Burglary | 13 |
| Drugs | 8 |
| Possession of weapons | 7 |
| Other crime | 7 |
| Robbery | 7 |
| Theft from the person | 3 |
| Vehicle crime | 3 |
| Bicycle theft | 3 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near B1174 (253); On or near Shopping Area (163); On or near Market Place (90); On or near Elmer Street South (47); On or near Supermarket (31).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 43 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 13% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 23% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 7% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 4% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | 0% | 1% |
| Social rented | 42% | 17% |
| Private rented | 51% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 52% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 10% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 23% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 8% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 13% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 39% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 1% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 4% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 42% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 68% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 21% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 21% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 29% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 6% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 76% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 4% | 2% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 3 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- NG31 6LH: 52 addresses of 55 in the postcode
- NG31 6PN: 41 addresses of 43 in the postcode
- NG31 6PH: 33 addresses of 34 in the postcode
- NG31 6NE: 23 addresses of 25 in the postcode
- NG31 6NN: 16 addresses of 17 in the postcode
- NG31 6SA: 8 addresses
- NG31 6NR: 5 addresses
- NG31 6NS: 1 address of 39 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Guildhall Street · Elmer Street South · Finkin Street · Isaac Newton Centre · Greenwood's Row · Elmer Street North · St Peters Hill · George Street · Welham Street · Welby Street · St Peters Hill · St Peter's Hill
All the streets in NG31 and across South Kesteven.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.