Hog Hill Road Havering

49 addresses across 3 postcodes (RM5), about 370 m long, classed as a b road. USRN 21301284.

  • Sales: 50 recorded sales since 1995; in 2024 the median was £430,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 21 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 7, D: 7, E: 5, F: 1).
  • Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in Havering costs £2,425 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Romford, about 3.5 km (2.2 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Educational Nature Reserve, is about 680 m (0.4 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 12.2 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 8.2 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 27 to 31 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 42 of its 49 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Chase Cross Medical Centre, about 1 km (0.6 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 330 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 87% of households owned their home and 23% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 29 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20241£430,000£430,000£430,000
20231£622,000£622,000£622,000
20221£440,000£440,000£440,000
20212£500,000£450,000£550,000
20151£365,000£365,000£365,000
20143£325,000£250,000£328,000
20134£257,500£228,500£317,000
20123£240,000£195,000£265,000
20102£224,000£218,000£230,000
20073£302,500£283,750£360,000
20064£300,000£205,000£350,000
20052£257,500£190,000£325,000
Most recent sales (50)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
31 Jan 202422 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£430,000
18 Sep 202354 RM5 2DHDetached£622,000
15 Dec 202228 RM5 2DHDetached£363,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
6 Oct 202228 RM5 2DHDetached£323,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
8 Jun 202242 RM5 2DHTerraced£440,000
21 Apr 202270 RM5 2DHDetached£595,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
1 Sep 202136 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£550,000
28 Apr 202168 RM5 2DHDetached£450,000
18 Jun 201546 RM5 2DHTerraced£365,000
1 Aug 201470 RM5 2DHDetached£328,000
10 Mar 20141, CROWN COTTAGES RM5 2DRTerraced£250,000
7 Feb 201450A RM5 2DHTerraced£325,000
9 Dec 201368 RM5 2DHDetached£250,000
6 Sep 20131, CROWN COTTAGES RM5 2DRTerraced£265,000
6 Aug 201344 RM5 2DHTerraced£228,500
8 Feb 201366 RM5 2DHDetached£317,000
10 Dec 201232 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£240,000
18 Jul 201256 RM5 2DHDetached£195,000
15 Jun 201250 RM5 2DHTerraced£265,000
5 Jul 201068 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£230,000
5 Jul 201070 RM5 2DHDetached£218,000
21 Dec 200746 RM5 2DHTerraced£302,500
19 Dec 20076B RM5 2DHTerraced£283,750
16 Feb 200758 RM5 2DHDetached£360,000
7 Dec 200650 RM5 2DHTerraced£350,000
4 Dec 200650A RM5 2DHSemi-detached£350,000
4 Dec 200650A RM5 2DHSemi-detached£250,000
15 May 200634 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£205,000
17 Oct 200518 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£190,000
28 Jan 200550 RM5 2DHTerraced£325,000
19 Jul 200436 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£229,000
25 Apr 200320 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£227,500
12 Jul 200264 RM5 2DHDetached£280,000
26 Feb 200234 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£120,000
31 Oct 200138 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£152,500
16 May 200044 RM5 2DHTerraced£124,000
14 Apr 20008A RM5 2DHTerraced£95,000
16 Aug 19992, CROWN COTTAGES RM5 2DRTerraced£118,000
29 Jan 19998A RM5 2DHTerraced£60,000
8 Dec 199850 RM5 2DHTerraced£165,000
1 May 199866 RM5 2DHDetached£159,975
19 Feb 199846 RM5 2DHTerraced£94,995
9 Jan 199838 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£76,750
12 Dec 199744 RM5 2DHTerraced£94,000
3 Dec 199748 RM5 2DHTerraced£89,000
31 Oct 199730 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£88,750
8 Aug 199732 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£90,000
26 Apr 199618 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£55,000
1 Sep 199526 RM5 2DHDetached£125,000
16 Jun 199540 RM5 2DHSemi-detached£67,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from August 2010 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

21 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 88 m². Most common: Flat (6); House, end-terrace (3); House, semi-detached (3). Built: 1930-1949 (13); 2003-2006 (2); 1950-1966 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (13); rented (private) (5).

Each home's certificates and sales (9 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Havering in 2026-27: Band D £2,425 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,616£1,886£2,155£2,425£2,963£3,502£4,041£4,849

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band C (59% of about 630 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: 2.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: yes, Havering.

Listed buildings

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Planned, as of 31 October 2026

  • 8 February 2027 to 12 February 2027: ESSEX COUNTY COUNCIL, Diversionary works, no carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (standard works)

Finished in the last three months

  • 25 October 2026: ESSEX AND SUFFOLK WATER, Utility repair and maintenance works, multi-way signals, on the footway (minor works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 3 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
RM5 2DHnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 2 unlikely
RM5 2DRnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1 unlikely
RM5 2DJnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 49 addresses are between 27 m and 31 m above sea level (29 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
RM5 2DH100%100%100%0%
RM5 2DJ100%100%100%0%
RM5 2DR100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsRomford 12 million journeys in 2024–253.5 km (2.2 miles)
Chadwell Heath 4.9 million journeys in 2024–253.7 km (2.3 miles)
Gidea Park 3.0 million journeys in 2024–254.3 km (2.6 miles)
Bus stops8 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 22 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Gobions Farm Collier Row130 m
Ferry terminalBarking Riverside Pier Creekmouth9.4 km (5.8 miles)
Car parksParking space on Holland Close, RM72.5 km (1.6 miles)
EV charging points2 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest MFG Charging Station340 m
Airport with scheduled flightsLondon City Airport LCY12.3 km (7.6 miles)
Nearest large airportLondon Stansted Airport STN32.4 km (20 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Chase Cross Medical Centre1 km (0.6 miles)
Pharmacies4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Sapphire Pharmacy890 m (0.6 miles)
NHS dentists3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Collier Row Dental Practice760 m (0.5 miles)
HospitalVictoria Hospital (Romford)3 km (1.9 miles)
Police stationMarks Gate Police Office1.9 km (1.2 miles)
Cash machines1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest MFG - Collier Row Cashzone420 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Educational Nature Reserve 6,630 m²680 m (0.4 miles)
Play area4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,930 m²360 m
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Collier Row Recreation Ground 2.4 ha280 m
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.7 ha750 m (0.5 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 0.9 hectares in all.

Landmarks

4 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Willoughby's HillHill1.4 km (0.9 miles) north
Foreberry Wood SouthWood1.8 km (1.1 miles) north
Dog Kennel HillHill1.9 km (1.2 miles) north-west
Hauntedhouse WoodWood1.9 km (1.2 miles) north-east
Churchpath Plantation NorthWood2 km (1.3 miles) north-east
The LakeLake or reservoir2.4 km (1.5 miles) north-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)12.24010
Fine particles (PM2.5)8.2205
Particles (PM10)13.94015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
70 to 7430
65 to 6960
60 to 64200
55 to 59130
Under 55749

42 of the street's 49 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Havering: see them on the Havering page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 3 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
St Patrick's Catholic Primary School Roman CatholicPrimary4–11630 m (0.4 miles) Report card (May 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Crownfield Junior SchoolPrimary7–11820 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
Crownfield Infant SchoolPrimary3–7820 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
Clockhouse Primary SchoolPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) Outstanding (Jun 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Oasis Academy PinewoodPrimary3–111.6 km (1 mile) Report card (Jul 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Rose Lane Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.7 km (1.1 miles) Requires improvement (Jan 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Parklands Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.9 km (1.2 miles) Good (Apr 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Rise Park Junior SchoolPrimary7–111.9 km (1.2 miles) Good (Nov 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Rise Park Infant SchoolPrimary3–71.9 km (1.2 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Collier Row Service Station RM5 2BDRetailers - other240 m5 Very good15 Jan 2026
Subway RM5 2BDRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen240 m5 Very good14 Sep 2026
Colliers Corner RM5 2BDRetailers - other240 m4 Good1 Jun 2026
Buddies Pre School Ltd RM5 2BEHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises330 mAwaiting inspection
Wellgate Community Farm RM5 2BHRetailers - other380 mExempt
The Bowl Bar (City Pavilion) RM5 2BHPub/bar/nightclub380 m5 Very good17 Jan 2026
Menoa Restaurant RM5 2BHRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen380 m5 Very good17 Jan 2026
Vina’s Kitchen RM5 2BBTakeaway/sandwich shop420 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good25 Jul 2025
Blake's Doggy Daycare RM5 2BBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen420 m (0.3 miles)4 Good12 Jul 2026
Kebabish Original RM5 2BBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen420 m (0.3 miles)4 Good3 Sep 2026
Mr P's Cornershop RM5 2BBMobile caterer440 m (0.3 miles)Exempt
Cloud9 Cafe Ltd RM5 2BBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen440 m (0.3 miles)Awaiting inspection

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

29 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences11
Anti-social behaviour5
Vehicle crime5
Burglary3
Other theft2
Other crime1
Shoplifting1
Drugs1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Collier Row Road (12); On or near Hog Hill Road (5); On or near Walton Road (4); On or near Hamlet Road (3); On or near Field Maple Mews (3).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 331 residents in 127 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age4440
Children under 1519%17%
Aged 65 and over24%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)87%61%
Owned outright47%33%
Shared ownership0%1%
Social rentedunder 1%17%
Private rented12%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work54%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)3%6%
Retired (of adults)27%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)2%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)25%32%
Travel to work by car or van45%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram17%4%
By any public transport, including bus22%8%
On foot or by bicycle3%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)55%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away1%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)23%34%
No qualifications20%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification7%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)88%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all2%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 7 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

  • Roadworks Street works permit: ESSEX AND SUFFOLK WATER: Utility repair and maintenance works, 25 October 2026 (multi-way signals) found 3 November 2026
  • Food hygiene ratings Cloud9 Cafe Ltd (restaurant/cafe/canteen, RM5 2BB) newly listed: Awaiting inspection found 3 November 2026

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Field Maple Mews · Dekker Close · Carter Drive · Hamlet Close · Browning Close · Hamlet Road · Walton Road · Collier Row Road · Frinton Road · Sungate Cottages · Miller Close · Penn Gardens

All the streets in RM5 and across Havering.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.