Lliedi Crescent Llanelli, Carmarthenshire

43 addresses across 2 postcodes (SA15), about 300 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 47205148.

  • Sales: 41 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £105,000 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 29 homes have an energy certificate (C: 4, D: 20, E: 5).
  • Flood: At least one postcode centre is in flood zone 2.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band B; Band D in Carmarthenshire costs £2,351 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Llanelli, about 1.6 km (1 mile) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Parc Howard, is about 340 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 6.0 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 4.6 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 12 to 18 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 6 of its 43 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Ash Grove Medical Centre, about 630 m (0.4 miles) away, with 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 260 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 64% of households owned their home and 27% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 87 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20262£105,000£100,000£110,000
20251£180,000£180,000£180,000
20241£165,000£165,000£165,000
20232£125,000£85,000£165,000
20222£119,500£110,000£129,000
20212£121,250£107,500£135,000
20191£125,000£125,000£125,000
20182£100,500£98,000£103,000
20172£102,250£97,500£107,000
20162£107,750£98,000£117,500
20153£83,000£60,000£94,000
20134£90,000£67,000£107,000
Most recent sales (41)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
3 Jul 202635 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£110,000
5 Feb 202619 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£100,000
4 Jul 202557 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£180,000
30 Aug 202457 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£165,000
1 Dec 202339 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£85,000
26 Apr 202357 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£165,000
21 Mar 202222 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£129,000
3 Mar 202233 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£110,000
25 Jun 202157 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£135,000
10 May 20215 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£107,500
14 Feb 201910 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£125,000
8 Nov 201859 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£103,000
1 Aug 201849 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£98,000
7 Jul 20171 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£97,500
26 Apr 20178 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£107,000
14 Oct 201651 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£98,000
3 Mar 201645 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£117,500
10 Nov 20158 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£60,000
23 Oct 201519 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£83,000
15 Jun 201557 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£94,000
4 Oct 20136 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£105,000
30 Aug 201329 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£107,000
3 May 201319 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£75,000
25 Mar 201333 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£67,000
1 Jul 201111 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£60,135
24 Jun 201139 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£79,000
5 Nov 201045 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£115,000
24 Nov 20081 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£67,000
21 Jan 20083 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£80,000
13 Nov 200729 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£89,000
7 Aug 200723 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£110,000
4 Oct 200627 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£160,000
23 May 200524 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£81,000
18 Apr 200547 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£46,500
6 Jan 200410 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£65,000
30 Jun 200316 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£39,000
11 Oct 200235 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£39,000
4 Dec 200122 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£30,000
3 May 200145 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£31,000
5 May 200019 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£35,500
28 Jul 199712 SA15 3SDSemi-detached£36,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from September 2009 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

29 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 82 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (29). Built: 1930-1949 (15); 1950-1966 (9); 1967-1975 (4). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (16); rented (private) (6); rented (social) (6).

Each home's certificates and sales (14 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Carmarthenshire in 2026-27: Band D £2,351 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.

ABCDEFGHI
£1,567£1,829£2,090£2,351£2,874£3,396£3,919£4,702£5,486

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band B (60% of about 860 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Welsh Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.

Source: DataMapWales (Welsh Government): conservation areas compiled from the councils, and Cadw's listed buildings. Conservation areas are checked at each postcode's centre; some councils' boundaries in this layer have not been updated for years, so the council's own map is the one to rely on. Listed buildings are counted on or by this street. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them.

Roadworks

Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 48 address points in this street's postcodes, 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 6 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 6 at low risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 1 at low risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: at least one postcode centre is in flood zone 2. Zone 2 is between 0.1% and 1% a year from rivers (0.1% and 0.5% from the sea), ignoring defences. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low risk
SA15 3SDnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 4
SA15 3PEzone 2 0 / 1 / 2

Sources: Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales: rivers, sea and surface water (loaded 30 October 2026), and Flood Map for Planning: rivers and sea (loaded 29 October 2026); address points from OS Open UPRN and the ONS UPRN Directory. Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on Natural Resources Wales's flood risk map.

Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and database right. All rights reserved. Some features of this information are based on digital spatial data licensed from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © UKCEH. Defra, Met Office and DARD Rivers Agency © Crown copyright. © Cranfield University. © James Hutton Institute.

Height above sea level

The street's 43 addresses are between 12 m and 18 m above sea level (16 m on average); the ground rises about 7 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
SA15 3PE100%100%100%0%
SA15 3SD100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsLlanelli 393,000 journeys in 2024–251.6 km (1 mile)
Bynea 2,720 journeys in 2024–254.2 km (2.6 miles)
Llangennech 4,320 journeys in 2024–255.2 km (3.3 miles)
Bus stops15 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 50 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Brynmelyn Avenue Llanerch180 m
Bus or coach stationLlanelli Bus Station Stand 7500 m (0.3 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest 21 Pottery Street Parking690 m (0.4 miles)
EV charging points1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest InstaVolt Charging Station480 m (0.3 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsCardiff International Airport CWL64.9 km (40 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Ash Grove Medical Centre630 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Gravells Pharmacy630 m (0.4 miles)
NHS dentists3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Llanelli Dental Centre310 m
HospitalPrince Philip Hospital1.5 km (0.9 miles)
Police stationLlanelli Police Station1 km (0.6 miles)
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Emilia's Fish Bar450 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Parc Howard 12 ha340 m
Play area4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,020 m²500 m (0.3 miles)
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2.0 ha170 m
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 5,730 m²200 m

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 1 park or garden, 12 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Parc Howard, a registered park or garden (Grade II), 540 m (0.3 miles) north-west. 78 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 5 of them Grade I and 3 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Parc HowardRegistered park or garden, Grade II540 m (0.3 miles) north-west
Parish Church of St. EllywListed building, Grade II*600 m (0.4 miles) south-west
Llanelly HouseListed building, Grade I640 m (0.4 miles) south-west
Llanelly HouseListed building, Grade I650 m (0.4 miles) south-west
24 Vaughan St / Bridge StListed building, Grade I650 m (0.4 miles) south-west
Capel Isaf CemeteryScheduled monument910 m (0.6 miles) east
Raby's FurnaceScheduled monument1 km (0.6 miles) north-west
Old Castle motteScheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-west
Stradey CastleRegistered park or garden, Grade II2.1 km (1.3 miles) west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Tre-Beddrod ReservoirLake or reservoir1.4 km (0.9 miles) north-west
Cwm Ty-duValley1.6 km (1 mile) north
North DockLake or reservoir1.9 km (1.2 miles) south-west
The FlatsWetland2.4 km (1.5 miles) south-west
Stradey WoodWood2.6 km (1.6 miles) west
Tywyn BâchBeach4.7 km (2.9 miles) west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)6.04010
Fine particles (PM2.5)4.6205
Particles (PM10)7.24015

All three are within both the UK limits and the WHO guidelines.

Road and rail noise

Source: Welsh Government, Environmental Noise Mapping 2022 (Wales), modelled with Defra's noise model for every road and railway in Wales and published in August 2023, through DataMapWales: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out aircraft, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic and 54 dB for railways.

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
60 to 6410
55 to 5950
Under 553743

6 of the street's 43 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Carmarthenshire: see them on the Carmarthenshire page.

Nearest schools

Source: Welsh Government address list of schools in Wales, October 2026 (maintained schools only, placed at their postcode). Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Estyn, which inspects Welsh schools, no longer gives grades; its reports describe each school in words.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Penygaer English mediumPrimary3–11530 m (0.3 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Dewi Sant Welsh mediumPrimary3–11530 m (0.3 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Old Road English mediumPrimary3–11530 m (0.3 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Stebonheath English mediumPrimary3–11760 m (0.5 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Pentip Church in Wales English mediumPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Bigyn English mediumPrimary3–111.1 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Coedcae School English mediumSecondary11–161.1 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Dafen English mediumPrimary3–111.2 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Halfway English mediumPrimary3–111.2 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Y Felin Welsh mediumPrimary4–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St Mary's (Llanelli) Roman Catholic English mediumPrimary3–111.4 km (0.9 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St John Lloyd Catholic Comprehensive School Roman Catholic English mediumSecondary11–161.4 km (0.9 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Llanelli Fire Station SA15 3PFRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen40 m5 Very good8 Nov 2019
The Reggae Kitchen SA15 3RURetailers - other130 m5 Very good15 Jul 2025
Cylch Meithrin Llanerch SA15 3PAHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises170 m5 Very good12 Jan 2023
GLASFRYN RESIDENTIAL & PRIVATE NURSING HOME SA15 3JSHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises300 m5 Very good18 Jun 2019
ROYAL NAVAL ASSOCIATION 2004 LTD SA15 3YTPub/bar/nightclub340 m5 Very good17 Aug 2017
Legend Chippy SA15 3YTTakeaway/sandwich shop340 m3 Generally satisfactory14 Sep 2023
MOUNT PLEASANT INN SA15 3JQPub/bar/nightclub370 m4 Good12 Mar 2018
The Tipsy Turk SA15 3RAPub/bar/nightclub380 mAwaiting inspection
AFFALON NURSING HOME SA15 3JGHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises430 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good5 Feb 2024
Camau Tirion SA15 3EJHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises440 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good19 Sep 2025
PARC HOWARD MUSEUM & ART GALLERY SA15 3LJRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen450 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good1 Mar 2024
The Cross Keys (formerly Lemon Tree) SA15 3PTPub/bar/nightclub450 m (0.3 miles)3 Generally satisfactory28 Mar 2019
Farmfoods Ltd SA15 3EQRetailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets460 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good27 Feb 2018
HEOL GOFFA SCHOOL SA15 3LSSchool/college/university470 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good3 Oct 2022
Domino's Pizza SA15 3LGTakeaway/sandwich shop500 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good6 Oct 2023

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

87 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences39
Anti-social behaviour15
Criminal damage and arson11
Public order6
Burglary5
Other crime4
Vehicle crime2
Bicycle theft2
Other theft2
Drugs1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Arfryn Avenue (18); On or near Corporation Close (18); On or near Brynhyfryd Road (15); On or near Cawdor Place (14); On or near Heol Nant-Y-Felin (9).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 263 residents in 114 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetWales
Median age3943
Children under 1521%17%
Aged 65 and over17%21%

Homes

Around this streetWales
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)64%66%
Owned outright33%38%
Shared ownership0%under 1%
Social rented23%17%
Private rented13%17%

Work and commuting

Around this streetWales
Adults (16 and over) in work57%54%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)3%6%
Retired (of adults)20%25%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)10%6%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)11%26%
Travel to work by car or van69%61%
By train, Underground, metro or tram0%under 1%
By any public transport, including busunder 1%3%
On foot or by bicycle17%8%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)62%60%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away8%10%

Education and languages

Around this streetWales
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)27%32%
No qualifications19%20%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification7%6%
Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over)95%97%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%under 1%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 3 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 (Welsh Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Brynmelyn Avenue · Corporation Close · Upper Mill · Arfryn Avenue · Toft Place · Tai Gorsaf · A484 · Rhodfa Heulwen · Rhodfa Glasfryn · Woodend Road · Cawdor Place · Long Row

All the streets in SA15 and across Carmarthenshire.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.