Royal Drive Preston
129 addresses across 2 postcodes (PR2), about 290 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 30703638.
- Sales: 286 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £132,000 across 5 sales.
- Energy: 120 homes have an energy certificate (B: 11, C: 106, D: 3).
- Flood: 2 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Preston costs £2,576 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 57% to 75% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Preston (Lancs), about 2 km (1.2 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: There is a small park or garden about 250 m away, and Moor Park (40 hectares) is about 700 m (0.4 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 8.4 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.1 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 24 to 28 m above sea level.
- Noise: 27 of its 129 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Lane Ends Surgery, about 770 m (0.5 miles) away, with 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 240 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 35% of households owned their home and 46% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 130 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 5 | £132,000 | £110,000 | £240,000 |
| 2025 | 4 | £132,500 | £102,000 | £162,000 |
| 2024 | 5 | £158,000 | £96,000 | £205,000 |
| 2023 | 6 | £105,500 | £72,000 | £228,000 |
| 2022 | 7 | £136,000 | £82,500 | £220,000 |
| 2021 | 7 | £135,000 | £83,000 | £212,500 |
| 2020 | 5 | £123,000 | £72,500 | £188,000 |
| 2019 | 3 | £130,500 | £67,500 | £180,000 |
| 2018 | 4 | £114,500 | £90,000 | £125,000 |
| 2017 | 7 | £114,950 | £77,500 | £185,000 |
| 2016 | 7 | £135,000 | £96,000 | £170,000 |
| 2015 | 6 | £108,612 | £83,500 | £200,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 Jul 2026 | 13 PR2 3AF | Detached | £240,000 | Leasehold. |
| 17 Jul 2026 | 8 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £132,000 | Leasehold. |
| 3 Jul 2026 | 98 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £110,000 | Leasehold. |
| 1 Jul 2026 | 120 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £52,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 8 Jun 2026 | 10 PR2 3AF | Semi-detached | £135,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 10 Apr 2026 | 106 PR2 3AX | Semi-detached | £162,500 | Leasehold. |
| 16 Feb 2026 | 64 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £125,000 | Leasehold. |
| 24 Oct 2025 | 100 PR2 3AX | Other | £97,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 29 Aug 2025 | 66 PR2 3AF | Semi-detached | £133,000 | Leasehold. |
| 15 Jul 2025 | 71 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £96,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 9 May 2025 | 93 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £85,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 31 Mar 2025 | 79 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £162,000 | Leasehold. |
| 30 Jan 2025 | 16 PR2 3AF | Semi-detached | £132,000 | Leasehold. |
| 10 Jan 2025 | 104 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £104,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 3 Jan 2025 | 101 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £102,000 | Leasehold. |
| 23 Aug 2024 | 94 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £96,000 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Aug 2024 | 21 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £150,000 | Leasehold. |
| 16 Jul 2024 | 1 PR2 3AF | Detached | £190,000 | |
| 28 Mar 2024 | 59 PR2 3AF | Detached | £205,000 | |
| 22 Mar 2024 | 33 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £158,000 | Leasehold. |
| 24 Oct 2023 | 74 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £125,000 | Leasehold. |
| 18 Oct 2023 | 63 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £86,000 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Jul 2023 | 90 PR2 3AX | Detached | £228,000 | Leasehold. |
| 12 May 2023 | 45 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £90,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Apr 2023 | 9 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £160,000 | Leasehold. |
| 11 Apr 2023 | 125 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £72,000 | Leasehold. |
| 1 Mar 2023 | 70 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £86,000 | Leasehold. |
| 25 Nov 2022 | 49 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £90,000 | Leasehold. |
| 31 Oct 2022 | 15 PR2 3AF | Semi-detached | £136,000 | |
| 25 Aug 2022 | 36 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £160,000 | Leasehold. |
| 5 Aug 2022 | 117 PR2 3AX | Detached | £220,000 | Leasehold. |
| 13 Jun 2022 | 123 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £82,500 | Leasehold. |
| 24 May 2022 | 115 PR2 3AX | Semi-detached | £165,000 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Jan 2022 | 21 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £133,500 | Leasehold. |
| 3 Dec 2021 | 7 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £135,000 | Leasehold. |
| 5 Oct 2021 | 51 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £83,000 | Leasehold. |
| 24 Sep 2021 | 89 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £127,000 | Leasehold. |
| 22 Sep 2021 | 55 PR2 3AF | Detached | £190,000 | |
| 2 Jul 2021 | 112 PR2 3AX | Detached | £212,500 | Leasehold. |
| 18 Jun 2021 | 117 PR2 3AX | Detached | £185,000 | Leasehold. |
| 25 Mar 2021 | 74 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £105,000 | Leasehold. |
| 4 Dec 2020 | 83 PR2 3AX | Semi-detached | £151,000 | Leasehold. |
| 6 Aug 2020 | 62 PR2 3AF | Flat or maisonette | £72,500 | Leasehold. |
| 31 Jul 2020 | 75 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £123,000 | Leasehold. |
| 28 May 2020 | 22 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £122,500 | Leasehold. |
| 28 Feb 2020 | 11 PR2 3AF | Detached | £188,000 | |
| 22 Nov 2019 | 126 PR2 3AX | Flat or maisonette | £67,500 | Leasehold. |
| 21 Aug 2019 | 32 PR2 3AF | Terraced | £132,000 | Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 18 Apr 2019 | 79 PR2 3AX | Terraced | £130,500 | Leasehold. |
| 28 Feb 2019 | 114 PR2 3AX | Detached | £180,000 | Leasehold. |
Energy performance certificates
120 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 61 m². Most common: Flat (51); House, mid-terrace (19); House, detached (16). Built: 2003-2006 (92); 1996-2002 (17); 2007-2011 (5). Tenure at assessment: rented (private) (54); owner-occupied (51).
Each home's certificates and sales (49 addresses)
- 1, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 2, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 4, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 5, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 11, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 12, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 13, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 15, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 17, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 19, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 23, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 26, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 30, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 32, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 34, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 35, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 36, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 38, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 40, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 42, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 44, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 49, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 52, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 54, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 57, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 61, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 62, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 63, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 75, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 76, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 81, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 82, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 85, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 86, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 88, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 92, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 93, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 95, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 100, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 103, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 107, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 108, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 109, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 110, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 114, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 118, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 120, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 122, Royal Drive, Fulwood
- 128, Royal Drive, Fulwood
Council tax
What each band costs in Preston in 2026-27: Band D £2,576 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,717 | £2,003 | £2,290 | £2,576 | £3,148 | £3,721 | £4,293 | £5,151 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (51% of about 810 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Roadworks
No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 31 October 2026.
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 2 at medium risk and 3 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| PR2 3AF | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 3 | unlikely |
| PR2 3AX | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 2 / 0 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 129 addresses are between 24 m and 28 m above sea level (25 m on average).
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR2 3AF | 100% | 75% | 75% | 0% |
| PR2 3AX | 100% | 57% | 57% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Preston (Lancs) 5.4 million journeys in 2024–25 | 2 km (1.2 miles) |
| Lostock Hall 24,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.9 km (3.6 miles) | |
| Bamber Bridge 75,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 6.4 km (4 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 16 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 47 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Play Area Plungington | 170 m |
| Bus or coach station | Bus Station Preston City Centre | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) |
| Car parks | National Car Parks Ltd | 1.7 km (1 mile) |
| EV charging points | bp pulse Charging Station | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Liverpool John Lennon Airport LPL | 49.6 km (31 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Lane Ends Surgery | 770 m (0.5 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 6 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Ddl Davies Pharmacy | 620 m (0.4 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 8 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Linton Street Dental Practice | 190 m |
| Hospital | NHS Nightingale Hospital Preston | 1.5 km (1 mile) |
| Police station | Fulwood Police Station | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) |
| Cash machines | 4 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Payzone | 440 m (0.3 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 730 m² | 250 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Moor Park 40 ha | 700 m (0.4 miles) |
| Play area | 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 70 m² | 70 m |
| Playing field | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Oxhey's Recreation Ground 1.7 ha | 130 m |
| Allotments | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 7.2 ha | 650 m (0.4 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 3 parks and gardens, 44 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Haslam Park, a registered park or garden (Grade II), 1.2 km (0.7 miles) west. 8 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Haslam Park | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) west |
| The former Harris Orphanage | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) north |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| The Serpentine | Lake or reservoir | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) east |
| Deepdale Enclosure | Wood | 2 km (1.3 miles) south-east |
| Crow Wood | Wood | 2.2 km (1.3 miles) south |
| Bull Nose | Wetland | 2.9 km (1.8 miles) south-west |
| Frenchwood Knoll | Hill | 2.9 km (1.8 miles) south-east |
| Pool Plat | Tidal water | 3.5 km (2.1 miles) south-east |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 8.4 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 6.1 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 9.6 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 65 to 69 | 6 | 0 |
| 60 to 64 | 11 | 2 |
| 55 to 59 | 10 | 4 |
| Under 55 | 102 | 123 |
27 of the street's 129 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, and 6 from railways, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Preston: see them on the Preston page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Roebuck School | Primary | 3–11 | 390 m | Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| St Anthony's Catholic Primary School, Preston Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 890 m (0.6 miles) | Good (May 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Our Lady's Catholic High School Roman Catholic | Secondary | 11–16 | 1 km (0.6 miles) | Good (Sep 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| English Martyrs Catholic Primary School, Preston Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 1 km (0.6 miles) | No published inspection |
| Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Preston Roman Catholic | Primary | 4–11 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) | Good (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| The Olive School, Preston Muslim | Primary | 4–11 | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) | No published inspection |
| Queen's Drive Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| Archbishop Temple Church of England High School | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | No overall grade (Jan 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| Ashton-on-Ribble St Andrew's Church of England Primary School | Primary | 5–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good |
| Fulwood Academy | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Good (Jun 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Corpus Christi Catholic High School Roman Catholic | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | No overall grade (Jul 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Outstanding; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Outstanding |
| Kennington Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1.5 km (1 mile) | Good (Jul 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Brook Tavern PR2 3AH | Pub/bar/nightclub | 60 m | 4 Good | 30 Nov 2023 |
| Fat Scran Cha PR2 3AH | Mobile caterer | 60 m | 5 Very good | 12 May 2025 |
| Woodfield Bakes PR2 3PR | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 210 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Cafe Marias PR2 3PR | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 230 m | 5 Very good | 21 Jul 2026 |
| Ward Field Farm Shop PR2 3PQ | Retailers - other | 230 m | 5 Very good | 20 Jun 2025 |
| Moorbrook School PR2 3DB | School/college/university | 250 m | 5 Very good | 3 Jun 2025 |
| Breakfast Club PR2 3DB | School/college/university | 250 m | 5 Very good | 24 Nov 2025 |
| The Douglas Hall PR2 3AP | Other catering premises | 260 m | Exempt | |
| West End Fish Bar PR2 3AA | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 260 m | 4 Good | 12 Dec 2024 |
| Nobletts Fish and Chips PR2 3PS | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 270 m | 5 Very good | 30 Jul 2024 |
| Late Booze PR2 3PS | Retailers - other | 270 m | 5 Very good | 5 Jan 2024 |
| Newsmart PR2 3PS | Retailers - other | 270 m | 5 Very good | 6 Nov 2024 |
| Stephen Hendrys Snooker and Pool Club PR1 7NH | Pub/bar/nightclub | 280 m | 5 Very good | 25 Mar 2026 |
| Elroi Multi Cuisine Kitchen / Kerala Cafe PR1 7UB | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 280 m | 5 Very good | 3 Jul 2026 |
| MMD Healthcare Limited PR1 7PH | Distributors/Transporters | 300 m | Awaiting inspection |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 57 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 18 |
| Vehicle crime | 14 |
| Other theft | 13 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 11 |
| Public order | 5 |
| Other crime | 4 |
| Burglary | 3 |
| Drugs | 3 |
| Possession of weapons | 1 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Royal Drive (34); On or near Norris Street (30); On or near Linton Street (12); On or near Coniston Avenue (10); On or near Clovelly Avenue (7).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 32 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 17% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 4% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 35% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 9% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | 0% | 1% |
| Social rented | 3% | 17% |
| Private rented | 62% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 78% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 2% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 6% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 5% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 21% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 59% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 3% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 9% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 8% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 63% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 10% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 46% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 10% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 4% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 88% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 2% | 2% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 3 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
Nearby streets
Brook Street · Sedberg Street · The Fieldings · Cintra Terrace · Rundle Road · Linton Street · St Cuthbert's Close · Douglas Road · Lawrence Street · Howarth Road · Coniston Avenue · Cintra Avenue
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.