Sedgley Close Redditch

111 addresses across 3 postcodes (B98), about 220 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 31100638.

  • Sales: 45 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £180,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 59 homes have an energy certificate (B: 3, C: 42, D: 13, E: 1).
  • Flood: 29 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Redditch costs £2,463 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Redditch, about 1.3 km (0.8 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Arrow Valley Country Park, is about 330 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 7.6 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.9 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 89 to 100 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 37 of its 111 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Elgar House, about 1 km (0.6 miles) away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 590 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 36% of households owned their home and 19% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 68 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20261£180,000£180,000£180,000
20241£175,000£175,000£175,000
20232£177,500£170,000£185,000
20221£180,000£180,000£180,000
20211£170,000£170,000£170,000
20191£140,000£140,000£140,000
20153£117,000£112,000£124,950
20132£111,500£111,000£112,000
20123£110,000£82,500£110,000
20112£88,815£85,000£92,630
20101£108,000£108,000£108,000
20072£124,975£124,950£125,000
Most recent sales (45)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
12 Jun 202652 B98 8JRTerraced£180,000
9 Aug 202440 B98 8JRTerraced£175,000
16 Jun 202341 B98 8JRTerraced£185,000
20 Mar 202339 B98 8JRTerraced£170,000
21 Dec 202266 B98 8JRTerraced£130,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
22 Apr 202244 B98 8JRTerraced£180,000
19 May 202124 B98 8JPTerraced£170,000
16 Sep 202056 B98 8JRTerraced£145,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
19 Jul 20194 B98 8JPTerraced£140,000
13 Nov 201524 B98 8JPTerraced£124,950
11 Sep 201539 B98 8JRTerraced£112,000
23 Feb 201569 B98 8JRTerraced£117,000
11 Dec 201367 B98 8JRTerraced£111,000
14 Jun 20134 B98 8JPTerraced£112,000
12 Oct 201256 B98 8JRTerraced£82,500
6 Jul 201213 B98 8JPTerraced£110,000
6 Jul 201257 B98 8JRTerraced£110,000
24 Oct 201110 B98 8JPTerraced£85,000
1 Aug 201167 B98 8JRTerraced£92,630
10 Dec 201038 B98 8JRTerraced£108,000
9 Nov 200768 B98 8JRTerraced£125,000
26 Jan 200733 B98 8JPTerraced£124,950
24 Nov 200641 B98 8JRTerraced£110,000
14 Aug 200610 B98 8JPTerraced£74,000
16 Sep 200557 B98 8JRTerraced£101,000
12 Sep 200567 B98 8JRTerraced£109,950
15 Aug 200566 B98 8JRTerraced£94,000
5 Jul 200570 B98 8JRTerraced£103,000
20 Dec 200439 B98 8JRTerraced£100,000
11 Nov 200427 B98 8JPTerraced£105,950
28 Jun 200465 B98 8JRTerraced£79,000
21 May 200453 B98 8JRTerraced£89,000
19 Sep 20034 B98 8JPTerraced£77,000
16 May 20038 B98 8JPTerraced£74,950
21 Feb 200313 B98 8JPTerraced£75,000
11 Oct 200252 B98 8JRTerraced£71,000
27 Jun 200170 B98 8JRTerraced£50,000
26 May 200053 B98 8JRTerraced£49,000
1 Mar 200057 B98 8JRTerraced£43,000
6 Sep 199911 B98 8JPTerraced£49,000
11 Jan 199934 B98 8JPTerraced£45,000
27 Nov 199837 B98 8JPSemi-detached£48,950
18 Oct 199647 B98 8JRSemi-detached£44,000
30 Nov 199536 B98 8JPTerraced£43,000
13 Oct 199539 B98 8JRTerraced£43,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from October 2009 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

59 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 77 m². Most common: Flat (25); House, mid-terrace (20); House, end-terrace (12). Built: 1967-1975 (30); 1976-1982 (20); 1950-1966 (5). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (26); owner-occupied (21); rented (private) (10).

Council tax

What each band costs in Redditch in 2026-27: Band D £2,463 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,642£1,916£2,189£2,463£3,010£3,558£4,105£4,926

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (51% of about 510 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 18 September 2026 to 21 September 2026: BT, New service connection, no carriageway incursion, on the verge, footpath (minor works)
  • 17 September 2026: SEVERN TRENT WATER, Utility repair and maintenance works, give and take, on the footway (immediate - urgent works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 28 addresses are in areas at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 7 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
B98 8JPnot in 2 or 3 24 / 0 / 1 unlikely
B98 8JRnot in 2 or 3 2 / 1 / 6 unlikely
B98 8LLnot in 2 or 3 2 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 111 addresses are between 89 m and 100 m above sea level (92 m on average); the ground rises about 11 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
B98 8JP100%100%100%0%
B98 8JR100%100%100%0%
B98 8LL100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsRedditch 910,000 journeys in 2024–251.3 km (0.8 miles)
Alvechurch 163,000 journeys in 2024–254.8 km (3 miles)
Wood End 16,000 journeys in 2024–256.8 km (4.2 miles)
Bus stops6 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 21 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Sedgley Close Abbeydale40 m
Bus or coach stationRedditch Bus Station1.3 km (0.8 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest The Quadrant Car Park790 m (0.5 miles)
EV charging points2 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest PoGo Charge830 m (0.5 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsBirmingham Airport BHX20.1 km (12 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Elgar House1 km (0.6 miles)
Pharmacies5 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Church Green Pharmacy1 km (0.6 miles)
NHS dentists7 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Dental Surgery720 m (0.4 miles)
HospitalAlexandra Hospital3.6 km (2.2 miles)
Police stationWest Mercia Police760 m (0.5 miles)
Cash machines1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Payzone150 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Arrow Valley Country Park 210 ha330 m
Play area3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 110 m²160 m
Playing fieldUnnamed 1,690 m²1.2 km (0.7 miles)
Allotments4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.1 ha320 m

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 1 park or garden, 210 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is The Forge Mill, a scheduled monument, 660 m (0.4 miles) north-west. 19 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
The Forge MillScheduled monument660 m (0.4 miles) north-west
Bordesley AbbeyScheduled monument690 m (0.4 miles) north
Park Wood Camp, IpsleyScheduled monument1.8 km (1.1 miles) south-west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Mill PondLake or reservoir620 m (0.4 miles) north-west
Paper Mill HillHill850 m (0.5 miles) north-east
Arrow Valley LakeLake or reservoir1.2 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Lodge PoolLake or reservoir1.5 km (0.9 miles) south
The RookeryWood1.9 km (1.2 miles) south-east
Shortwood DingleValley3.8 km (2.3 miles) north-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)7.64010
Fine particles (PM2.5)6.9205
Particles (PM10)10.84015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 59370
Under 5574111

37 of the street's 111 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Redditch: see them on the Redditch page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
St Stephen's CofE First School Church of EnglandPrimary3–9420 m (0.3 miles) Good (Mar 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Trinity High School and Sixth Form CentreSecondary13–18570 m (0.4 miles) Good (Mar 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
St George's CofE First School and Nursery Church of EnglandPrimary3–9600 m (0.4 miles) Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Heart of Worcestershire College16 plus14–99800 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
St Bede's Catholic Middle School Roman CatholicMiddle deemed secondary9–13930 m (0.6 miles) No published inspection
Holyoakes Field First SchoolPrimary2–91.4 km (0.9 miles) No overall grade (Oct 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Oak Hill First SchoolPrimary3–91.5 km (1 mile) No published inspection
Moons Moat First SchoolPrimary3–91.5 km (1 mile) Report card (May 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met
Woodfield AcademyMiddle deemed secondary9–131.6 km (1 mile) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Requires improvement; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Birchensale Middle SchoolMiddle deemed secondary9–131.7 km (1.1 miles) No overall grade (Sep 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Abbeywood First SchoolPrimary3–91.8 km (1.1 miles) Good (Feb 2020, overall grade under the previous framework)
Church Hill Middle SchoolMiddle deemed secondary9–131.8 km (1.1 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Nisa Supermarket / Kang Stores Redditch Ltd B98 8JERetailers - other90 m5 Very good24 Nov 2023
Smokey Dicks BBQ At Abbeydale Community Club B98 8JBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen210 m5 Very good5 Sep 2025
Samuels Catering B98 8NTMobile caterer250 m5 Very good8 Sep 2026
Alliance In Partnership At The Forge Secondary School B98 8HFSchool/college/university340 m5 Very good15 Jul 2026
St Stephen's C Of E First School Breakfast Club B98 8HWSchool/college/university400 m (0.2 miles)Exempt
Mellors Catering St Stephen's C Of E First School B98 8HWSchool/college/university400 m (0.2 miles)5 Very good20 Oct 2026
First Steps Care B98 8HDHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises430 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good11 Aug 2026
The Good Food Bar B98 9NEMobile caterer470 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good14 Sep 2026
JW Catering \& Donut \& Coffee Van B98 8NEMobile caterer490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good14 Sep 2026
Tasty Diner B98 8NEMobile caterer490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good16 Sep 2026
The Kings Arms B98 8LYPub/bar/nightclub490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good5 Nov 2024

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

68 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences38
Anti-social behaviour7
Other theft6
Criminal damage and arson6
Vehicle crime3
Public order3
Bicycle theft1
Possession of weapons1
Other crime1
Drugs1
Burglary1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Vernon Close (11); On or near Hayford Close (10); On or near Lygon Close (9); On or near Sedgley Close (7); On or near Johnson Close (7).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 587 residents in 262 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3940
Children under 1520%17%
Aged 65 and over20%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)36%61%
Owned outright17%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented45%17%
Private rented18%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work56%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)6%6%
Retired (of adults)22%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)6%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)11%32%
Travel to work by car or van65%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tramunder 1%4%
By any public transport, including bus10%8%
On foot or by bicycle11%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)76%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away6%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)19%34%
No qualifications28%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification10%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)83%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all3%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 2 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Woodfield Close · Johnson Close · Vernon Close · Sunningdale Close · Lygon Close · Neville Close · Terrys Close · Stanley Close · Hayford Close · Gibbs Road · Dale Road · Huband Close

All the streets in B98 and across Redditch.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.