Springfield Close Lincoln

18 addresses across 2 postcodes (LN1), about 50 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 23509822.

  • Sales: 31 recorded sales since 1995; in 2022 the median was £165,000 across 3 sales.
  • Energy: 15 homes have an energy certificate (C: 6, D: 8, E: 1).
  • Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Lincoln costs £2,323 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 98% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Lincoln, about 1.5 km (1 mile) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, St Nicholas' Gardens, is about 240 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 8.4 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.8 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: It is about 62 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 1 of its 18 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Cliff House Medical Practice, about 580 m (0.4 miles) away, with 5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 290 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 41% of households owned their home and 42% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 82 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20223£165,000£155,000£195,000
20211£119,000£119,000£119,000
20191£299,950£299,950£299,950
20181£150,000£150,000£150,000
20172£200,000£145,000£255,000
20162£197,500£160,000£235,000
20102£90,338£85,000£95,675
20081£142,500£142,500£142,500
20071£118,000£118,000£118,000
20062£127,000£100,000£154,000
20051£115,000£115,000£115,000
20032£117,475£94,950£140,000
Most recent sales (31)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
3 Oct 202210 LN1 3ETSemi-detached£165,000Leasehold.
12 Jul 20222 LN1 3ETTerraced£195,000Leasehold.
29 Apr 202218 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£155,000Leasehold.
17 Feb 202120 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£119,000Leasehold.
4 Nov 20191 LN1 3ETDetached£299,950
15 Jun 20182 LN1 3ETTerraced£150,000Leasehold.
30 Nov 20171 LN1 3ETDetached£255,000
6 Jun 20176 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£145,000Leasehold.
23 Aug 201626 LN1 3ETTerraced£160,000
20 Jul 201632 LN1 3ETTerraced£235,000
17 Feb 201014 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£85,000Leasehold.
5 Feb 201016 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£95,675Leasehold.
10 Oct 200826 LN1 3ETTerraced£142,500
5 Oct 200710 LN1 3ETSemi-detached£118,000Leasehold.
25 Aug 200630 LN1 3ETTerraced£154,000
11 Aug 200618 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£100,000Leasehold.
4 Jul 20052 LN1 3ETTerraced£115,000Leasehold.
31 Oct 200324 LN1 3ETTerraced£140,000
23 May 200318 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£94,950Leasehold.
14 Mar 200232 LN1 3ETTerraced£123,000
28 Feb 200230 LN1 3ETTerraced£110,500
27 Nov 200012 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£58,000Leasehold.
7 Nov 20004 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£53,500Leasehold.
23 Feb 200014 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£48,500Leasehold.
21 Jul 19991 LN1 3ETDetached£68,000
12 Jul 19996 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£43,000Leasehold.
20 Nov 199818 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£51,450Leasehold.
17 Sep 199820 LN1 3ETFlat or maisonette£52,500Leasehold.
25 Jul 199724 LN1 3ETTerraced£53,500
13 Jun 199726 LN1 3ETTerraced£57,000
27 Sep 199622 LN1 3ETSemi-detached£55,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from June 2015 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

15 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 69 m². Most common: Flat (10); House, mid-terrace (2); House, detached (1). Built: 1967-1975 (8); 1976-1982 (4); 1950-1966 (1). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (8); rented (private) (6).

Council tax

What each band costs in Lincoln in 2026-27: Band D £2,323 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,549£1,807£2,065£2,323£2,839£3,356£3,872£4,646

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (23% of about 930 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Planned, as of 30 September 2026

  • 28 September 2026 to 30 September 2026: BT, Utility repair and maintenance works, give and take, on the footway, carriageway, verge (minor works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 6 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
LN1 3ETnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 5 unlikely
LN1 3DLnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's addresses are about 62 m above sea level.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
LN1 3DL100%98%98%0%
LN1 3ET100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsLincoln 2.3 million journeys in 2024–251.5 km (1 mile)
Hykeham 209,000 journeys in 2024–256.5 km (4.1 miles)
Saxilby 94,000 journeys in 2024–259.1 km (5.6 miles)
Bus stops12 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 47 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Radio Lincolnshire200 m
Bus or coach stationCentral Bus Station Lincoln1.4 km (0.9 miles)
Car parks4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest St Pauls Lane Car Park520 m (0.3 miles)
EV charging points16 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Connected Kerb Charging Stations560 m (0.3 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsHumberside Airport HUY39.4 km (25 miles)
Nearest large airportEast Midlands Airport EMA69.9 km (43 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Cliff House Medical Practice580 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Fp Watson LTD550 m (0.3 miles)
NHS dentists8 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Burton Road (Dental Surgery)580 m (0.4 miles)
HospitalLincoln Hospital (Nuh)280 m
Police stationWest Parade Police Station940 m (0.6 miles)
Cash machines4 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Newport Premier Store Cashzone150 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest St Nicholas' Gardens 910 m²240 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Temple Gardens 1.3 ha780 m (0.5 miles)
Play area3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,280 m²350 m
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 5,080 m²340 m
Allotments2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Clarence Street B Allotments 1.8 ha600 m (0.4 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 4 parks and gardens, 2.1 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Section of Roman Wall, a listed building (Grade I), 280 m south. 294 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 35 of them Grade I and 34 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Section of Roman WallListed building, Grade I280 m south
Section of Roman town wall and ditch N of East BightScheduled monument290 m south
Base of Roman Wall TurretListed building, Grade I290 m south
Number 52 and Adjoining Newport ArchListed building, Grade I290 m south
The Newport Arch and town wallScheduled monument300 m south
Base of North Gate Bastion Attached to Number 50 (Number 50 Not Included)Listed building, Grade I310 m south-west
Section of Roman town wall and ditch N of EastgateScheduled monument360 m south
Lincoln ArboretumRegistered park or garden, Grade II1.1 km (0.7 miles) south-east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Brayford PoolLake or reservoir1.4 km (0.8 miles) south-west
Ballast HolesLake or reservoir2.3 km (1.5 miles) south-west
Ash HoltWood2.4 km (1.5 miles) north-west
Swan PoolLake or reservoir2.6 km (1.6 miles) south-west
North WoodWood3.4 km (2.1 miles) north
Fox CovertWood3.7 km (2.3 miles) north

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)8.44010
Fine particles (PM2.5)7.8205
Particles (PM10)13.44015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5910
Under 551718

1 of the street's 18 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Lincoln: see them on the Lincoln page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Westgate AcademyPrimary7–11480 m (0.3 miles) Report card (Feb 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Mount Street AcademyPrimary3–7560 m (0.3 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good
The Lincoln St Peter-In-Eastgate Church of England Infants AcademyPrimary5–7600 m (0.4 miles) No overall grade (Jul 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Lincoln Castle AcademySecondary11–16790 m (0.5 miles) Inadequate (Jul 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Lincoln UTCSecondary14–19810 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
Lincoln Christ's Hospital School ChristianSecondary11–181 km (0.6 miles) No overall grade (Nov 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Lincoln College16 plus16–991 km (0.6 miles) No published inspection
The St Faith and St Martin Church of England Junior School, LincolnPrimary7–111 km (0.6 miles) Good (Jan 2020, overall grade under the previous framework)
Our Lady of Lincoln Catholic Primary School A Voluntary Academy Roman CatholicPrimary4–111.2 km (0.7 miles) Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Ermine Primary AcademyPrimary3–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Good (Feb 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Lincoln Monks Abbey Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.3 km (0.8 miles) No overall grade (Sep 2024, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
The Lincoln St Giles Nursery SchoolNursery0–51.3 km (0.8 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Stags Head LN1 3DPPub/bar/nightclub140 m5 Very good26 Aug 2026
Oatz and Co LN1 3DNRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen140 m5 Very good29 Jun 2026
Cafe Ella LN1 3DNRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen150 m5 Very good18 Mar 2026
Newport Convenience Stores LN1 3DNRetailers - other150 m5 Very good18 Nov 2025
Newport Fish Bar LN1 3DFTakeaway/sandwich shop150 m5 Very good21 Oct 2026
Leon Cantonese & Chinese Takeaway LN1 3DWTakeaway/sandwich shop170 m4 Good19 Mar 2025
Coffee by the Arch LN1 3DQRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen230 m5 Very good16 May 2025
Lincoln Minster Preparatory School LN2 1QRSchool/college/university230 m5 Very good9 Dec 2025
Health, Hope and Wellbeing LN1 3EYMobile caterer240 m5 Very good17 Dec 2024
Foodbank LN1 3EYRetailers - other240 m5 Very good23 Mar 2026
The Lincoln Hospital LN2 1QUHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises280 m5 Very good25 Mar 2026
Cathedral Care Centre LN2 1RQHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises280 m5 Very good21 Apr 2026
St Barnabas Hospice LN2 1REHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises340 m5 Very good27 May 2026
The Duke William Hotel LN1 3APHotel/bed & breakfast/guest house360 m5 Very good15 Jan 2026
Tom Ward Court LN1 3JSOther catering premises380 m5 Very good22 Mar 2024

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

82 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences46
Anti-social behaviour13
Criminal damage and arson6
Public order4
Burglary3
Vehicle crime3
Other theft3
Drugs3
Bicycle theft1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Newport (22); On or near Ernest Terrace (16); On or near Good Lane (11); On or near Vere Street (9); On or near Williamson Street (8).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 291 residents in 133 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3540
Children under 157%17%
Aged 65 and over17%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)41%61%
Owned outright29%33%
Shared ownership0%1%
Social rented22%17%
Private rented35%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work49%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)10%6%
Retired (of adults)19%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)3%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)30%32%
Travel to work by car or van45%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram0%4%
By any public transport, including bus2%8%
On foot or by bicycle22%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)72%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away17%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)42%34%
No qualifications8%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification3%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)93%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all1%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 8 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Williamson Street · Stonefield Avenue · Ernest Terrace · Lillys Road · Middleton's Field · Francis Street · St John's Road · Spital Street · Good Lane · Manor Close · St Nicholas Street · Cecil Mews

All the streets in LN1 and across Lincoln.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.