Station Road Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan

62 addresses across 4 postcodes (CF64), about 380 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 41500893.

  • Sales: 63 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £428,475 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 27 homes have an energy certificate (C: 6, D: 18, E: 2, F: 1).
  • Flood: No postcode centre on the street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band G; Band D in Vale of Glamorgan costs £2,232 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 93% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Penarth, about 160 m away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Alexandra Park, is about 450 m (0.3 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 8.7 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 38 to 42 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 22 of its 62 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Stanwell Surgery, about 500 m (0.3 miles) away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 640 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 75% of households owned their home and 58% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 29 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20252£428,475£339,950£517,000
20231£545,000£545,000£545,000
20225£420,000£411,000£490,000
20211£367,500£367,500£367,500
20201£572,500£572,500£572,500
20193£260,000£250,000£325,000
20163£368,000£317,500£375,000
20132£338,750£282,500£395,000
20122£238,000£223,000£253,000
20101£268,000£268,000£268,000
20091£250,000£250,000£250,000
20081£250,000£250,000£250,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 63)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
12 Sep 202525 CF64 3EPTerraced£517,000
23 May 202529 CF64 3EPTerraced£339,950
31 Mar 202313 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£545,000
14 Dec 202231 CF64 3EPTerraced£490,000
7 Oct 202226 CF64 3EPTerraced£415,000
7 Jul 20221, STATION COURT, 33 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£411,000
1 Jul 20222, STATION COURT, 33 CF64 3EPTerraced£420,000
21 Apr 202219 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£420,000
6 Jan 202215 - 16 CF64 3EPOther£400,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
8 Apr 202125 CF64 3EPTerraced£367,500
31 Jul 202035 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£572,500
28 Jun 201924 CF64 3EPTerraced£250,000
9 May 201926 CF64 3EPTerraced£260,000
26 Mar 201928 CF64 3EPTerraced£325,000
21 Sep 201814 CF64 3EPOther£390,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
12 Dec 201610 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£375,000
28 Sep 201619 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£368,000
25 Jul 20162, STATION COURT, 33 CF64 3EPTerraced£317,500
9 May 20162, STATION COURT, 33 CF64 3EPTerraced£257,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
20 Dec 20139 CF64 3EPTerraced£282,500
3 May 201336 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£395,000
29 Jun 20126 CF64 3EPTerraced£253,000
17 Feb 201228 CF64 3EPTerraced£223,000
23 Jul 201019 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£268,000
30 Oct 20096 CF64 3EPTerraced£250,000
24 Oct 200813 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£250,000
23 Mar 20076 CF64 3EPTerraced£257,000
27 Nov 20063 CF64 3EPTerraced£280,000
11 Aug 200625 CF64 3EPTerraced£230,000
4 Apr 20066 CF64 3EPTerraced£232,000
30 Nov 200429 CF64 3EPTerraced£159,000
6 Feb 200410 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£219,950
30 Jan 200436 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£355,000
18 Nov 20033 CF64 3EPTerraced£175,000
29 Aug 20036 CF64 3EPTerraced£157,000
7 Aug 200323 CF64 3EPTerraced£168,000
23 Sep 200232 CF64 3EPTerraced£150,000Leasehold.
16 Sep 20022 CF64 3EPTerraced£160,000
19 Apr 200213 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£148,500
19 Apr 200223 CF64 3EPTerraced£95,000
18 Jan 200219 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£137,000
15 Oct 20017 CF64 3EPTerraced£135,000
21 Sep 200129 CF64 3EPTerraced£88,500
17 Aug 200111 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£143,000
12 Apr 200119 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£82,000
19 Jan 200111 CF64 3EPSemi-detached£93,500
15 Dec 20003 CF64 3EPTerraced£92,500
17 Nov 200027 CF64 3EPDetached£145,000
31 Jan 20002 CF64 3EPTerraced£114,000
15 Oct 199932 CF64 3EPTerraced£107,000Leasehold.

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from December 2008 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

27 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 121 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (10); House, end-terrace (7); House, detached (4). Built: 1900-1929 (12); before 1900 (10); 2003-2006 (1). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (15); rented (private) (6).

Each home's certificates and sales (18 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Vale of Glamorgan in 2026-27: Band D £2,232 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.

ABCDEFGHI
£1,488£1,736£1,984£2,232£2,727£3,223£3,719£4,463£5,207

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band G (20% of about 910 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Welsh Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: yes, Penarth. Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: 1.
  • Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.

Listed buildings

Source: DataMapWales (Welsh Government): conservation areas compiled from the councils, and Cadw's listed buildings. Conservation areas are checked at each postcode's centre; some councils' boundaries in this layer have not been updated for years, so the council's own map is the one to rely on. Listed buildings are counted on or by this street. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them.

Roadworks

Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 156 address points in this street's postcodes, 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 16 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: none is in an area at risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 16 at low risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low risk
CF64 3EPnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 11
CF64 3ERnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0
CF64 3DUnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 3
CF64 3EEnot in 2 or 3 0 / 1 / 2

Sources: Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales: rivers, sea and surface water (loaded 30 October 2026), and Flood Map for Planning: rivers and sea (loaded 29 October 2026); address points from OS Open UPRN and the ONS UPRN Directory. Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on Natural Resources Wales's flood risk map.

Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and database right. All rights reserved. Some features of this information are based on digital spatial data licensed from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © UKCEH. Defra, Met Office and DARD Rivers Agency © Crown copyright. © Cranfield University. © James Hutton Institute.

Height above sea level

The street's 62 addresses are between 38 m and 42 m above sea level (41 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
CF64 3DU100%100%100%0%
CF64 3EE100%93%93%0%
CF64 3EP100%96%96%0%
CF64 3ER100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsPenarth 508,000 journeys in 2024–25160 m
Dingle Road 162,000 journeys in 2024–25700 m (0.4 miles)
Cogan 308,000 journeys in 2024–251.6 km (1 mile)
Bus stops22 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 63 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Station Road Lower Penarth100 m
Bus or coach stationCardiff Bus Interchange Bay 1 Cardiff Bus Station4.7 km (2.9 miles)
Ferry terminalPenarth Pier740 m (0.5 miles)
EV charging points7 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Connected Kerb Charging Stations520 m (0.3 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsCardiff International Airport CWL12.4 km (7.7 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Stanwell Surgery500 m (0.3 miles)
Pharmacies7 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Mayberry Pharmacy160 m
NHS dentists2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Hickman House Dental Surgery350 m
HospitalUniversity Hospital Llandough2.5 km (1.6 miles)
Police stationPenarth Police Station670 m (0.4 miles)
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest *deposit & Withdrawal* The Cooperative Food Penarth510 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden7 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Alexandra Park 2.9 ha450 m (0.3 miles)
Play area4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 60 m²460 m (0.3 miles)
Playing field2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Victoria Playing Field 1.0 ha620 m (0.4 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 7,540 m²510 m (0.3 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 7 parks and gardens, 9.3 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Alexandra Park, a registered park or garden (Grade II*), 450 m (0.3 miles) north-east. 48 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade I.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Alexandra ParkRegistered park or garden, Grade II*450 m (0.3 miles) north-east
Windsor GardensRegistered park or garden, Grade II490 m (0.3 miles) south-east
St Augustine's Parish ChurchListed building, Grade I890 m (0.6 miles) north-east
Penarth Churchyard Cross (Now in St Augustine's Church)Scheduled monument890 m (0.6 miles) north-east
Ely Tidal Harbour Coal Staithe Number OneScheduled monument1.6 km (1 mile) north
Cogan Deserted Medieval VillageScheduled monument1.6 km (1 mile) south-west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
The DingleWood330 m north-east
Penarth BeachBeach590 m (0.4 miles) east
Cefn-y-wrachWetland1.8 km (1.1 miles) north-east
Cosmeston LakesLake or reservoir2.3 km (1.4 miles) south
Pop HillHill2.6 km (1.6 miles) west
Cwm CydfinValley3.5 km (2.2 miles) north-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)8.74010
Fine particles (PM2.5)5.3205
Particles (PM10)8.24015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Welsh Government, Environmental Noise Mapping 2022 (Wales), modelled with Defra's noise model for every road and railway in Wales and published in August 2023, through DataMapWales: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out aircraft, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic and 54 dB for railways.

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 59220
Under 554062

22 of the street's 62 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Vale of Glamorgan: see them on the Vale of Glamorgan page.

Nearest schools

Source: Welsh Government address list of schools in Wales, October 2026 (maintained schools only, placed at their postcode). Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Estyn, which inspects Welsh schools, no longer gives grades; its reports describe each school in words.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Victoria Primary School English mediumPrimary3–11440 m (0.3 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Stanwell School English mediumSecondary11–19510 m (0.3 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Evenlode Primary School English mediumPrimary4–11730 m (0.5 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Albert Primary School English mediumPrimary3–11830 m (0.5 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Fairfield Primary School English mediumPrimary3–11900 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Cogan Primary School English mediumPrimary4–111.3 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St Cyres School English mediumSecondary11–191.5 km (0.9 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Pen Y Garth Welsh mediumPrimary3–111.6 km (1 mile) Estyn reports · My Local School
St Joseph's R.C. Primary School Roman Catholic English mediumPrimary3–111.7 km (1 mile) Estyn reports · My Local School

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Life of Reilly Coffee Co CF64 3EETakeaway/sandwich shop110 m5 Very good3 Dec 2024
Mo's CF64 3EERestaurant/Cafe/Canteen110 m5 Very good19 May 2026
The Bottle Shop CF64 3EERetailers - other110 m4 Good26 Nov 2017
Paramount Restaurant CF64 3EERestaurant/Cafe/Canteen110 m5 Very good31 Aug 2024
The Paget Rooms CF64 3EGRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen130 m5 Very good19 Dec 2017
Westbourne School Boarding House CF64 3DQSchool/college/university130 m3 Generally satisfactory8 Oct 2025
Ground CF64 3EDRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen140 m5 Very good3 Apr 2025
Training Ground Takeaway/sandwich shop150 m5 Very good8 May 2024
Foxy's Deli & Cafe CF64 3EDRetailers - other150 m4 Good26 Jul 2025
Railway Hotel CF64 3DAPub/bar/nightclub150 m5 Very good13 Apr 2026
Home CF64 3EBRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen170 m5 Very good13 Sep 2025
Glendale Hotel / Villa Napoli CF64 3DHRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen170 m2 Improvement necessary23 Apr 2026
Pizza Pronto CF64 3EBTakeaway/sandwich shop180 m5 Very good16 Sep 2026
Victoria Private Day Nursery CF64 3ENHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises220 m5 Very good12 May 2026
St Aubin Nursery School CF64 3HLHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises230 m5 Very good10 Feb 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

29 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences9
Vehicle crime7
Public order3
Burglary3
Other theft2
Drugs1
Robbery1
Anti-social behaviour1
Shoplifting1
Criminal damage and arson1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Nightclub (15); On or near Victoria Avenue (6); On or near Parking Area (3); On or near Victoria Lane (1); On or near Theatre/Concert Hall (1).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 635 residents in 310 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetWales
Median age5143
Children under 1514%17%
Aged 65 and over29%21%

Homes

Around this streetWales
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)75%66%
Owned outright50%38%
Shared ownershipunder 1%under 1%
Social rentedunder 1%17%
Private rented24%17%

Work and commuting

Around this streetWales
Adults (16 and over) in work52%54%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)5%6%
Retired (of adults)34%25%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)3%6%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)50%26%
Travel to work by car or van33%61%
By train, Underground, metro or tram3%under 1%
By any public transport, including bus5%3%
On foot or by bicycle12%8%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)75%60%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away8%10%

Education and languages

Around this streetWales
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)58%32%
No qualifications10%20%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification3%6%
Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over)95%97%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%under 1%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 10 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 (Welsh Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

  • Energy certificates New energy certificate: band C, house, detached (lodged 19 October 2026) found 2 November 2026

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Station Approach · Westbourne Road · Victoria Lane · Station Terrace · Berkley Drive · Cwrt-y-Vil Road · Stanwell Road · Victoria Avenue · Holmsdale Place · Archer Place · Victoria Square · Sully Place

All the streets in CF64 and across Vale of Glamorgan.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.