The Paddock Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire

57 addresses across 2 postcodes (HU17), about 260 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 45903128.

  • Sales: 64 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £255,000 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 31 homes have an energy certificate (C: 7, D: 20, E: 3, G: 1).
  • Flood: 39 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in East Riding of Yorkshire costs £2,466 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 96% to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Beverley, about 1.4 km (0.9 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 260 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 5.7 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.4 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 9 to 10 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 1 of its 57 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is North Beverley Medical Centre, about 850 m (0.5 miles) away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 280 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 88% of households owned their home and 48% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 27 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20262£255,000£250,000£260,000
20253£257,000£220,000£272,500
20241£250,000£250,000£250,000
20233£270,000£265,000£315,000
20222£277,500£250,000£305,000
20211£222,000£222,000£222,000
20203£185,000£184,950£225,000
20193£190,000£170,000£206,000
20183£184,000£180,000£197,000
20171£248,450£248,450£248,450
20164£185,500£175,000£195,000
20154£187,500£160,000£193,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 64)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
27 Mar 202615 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£260,000
17 Mar 202628 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£250,000
28 Nov 202519 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£257,000
16 Jun 202515 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£272,500
19 Feb 202524 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£220,000
17 May 202444 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£250,000
22 Sep 202311 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£265,000
7 Jul 202347 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£315,000
7 Jul 202345 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£270,000
2 Sep 202244 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£250,000
17 Jun 202237 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£305,000
5 Feb 202145 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£222,000
6 Nov 202030 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£185,000
8 Oct 202028 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£225,000
6 Jul 20205 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£180,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
22 Jun 20207 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£184,950
13 Sep 201950 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£190,000
26 Jul 201928 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£170,000
3 May 201953 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£206,000
30 Nov 20181 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£197,000
31 Jul 201811 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£184,000
29 Mar 201851 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£180,000
16 Aug 201738 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£248,450
30 Jun 201738 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£245,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
16 Sep 201634 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£186,000
3 Jun 201619 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£185,000
9 May 201623 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£195,000
19 Feb 201629 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£175,000
12 Nov 201553 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£193,000
9 Oct 201545 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£160,000
21 May 201514 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£185,000
16 Jan 201515 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£190,000
19 Dec 201414 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£135,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
1 Mar 201347 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£175,000
21 Sep 201220 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£150,000
30 Mar 201138 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£195,000
2 Sep 200915 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£135,000
19 Aug 200953 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£139,000
1 May 200931 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£145,000
30 Apr 200934 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£170,000
11 Sep 200715 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£167,000
17 Aug 20077 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£146,000
13 Jun 200737 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£149,000
14 Mar 200643 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£173,000
2 Dec 200534 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£137,500
15 Apr 20051 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£145,000
9 Jul 200411 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£135,000
26 Feb 200432 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£130,000
17 Nov 20036 HU17 7HBSemi-detached£125,500
23 May 200339 HU17 7HQSemi-detached£119,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026 (load in progress). Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from November 2008 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

31 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 82 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (31). Built: 1950-1966 (22); 1967-1975 (6); 1930-1949 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (24); rented (private) (4).

Council tax

What each band costs in East Riding of Yorkshire in 2026-27: Band D £2,466 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,644£1,918£2,192£2,466£3,014£3,562£4,110£4,932

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band C (36% of about 740 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Started, not reported finished by 30 September 2026

  • 4 September 2026 to 1 October 2026: NORTHERN GAS NETWORKS, Utility repair and maintenance works, some carriageway incursion, on the footway, carriageway (major works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 30 September 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 17 addresses are in areas at high risk, 22 at medium risk and 15 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
HU17 7HQnot in 2 or 3 0 / 13 / 15 unlikely
HU17 7HBnot in 2 or 3 17 / 9 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 57 addresses are between 9 m and 10 m above sea level (9 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
HU17 7HB96%96%96%0%
HU17 7HQ100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsBeverley 754,000 journeys in 2024–251.4 km (0.9 miles)
Arram 1,030 journeys in 2024–253.9 km (2.4 miles)
Cottingham 318,000 journeys in 2024–257.9 km (4.9 miles)
Bus stops6 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 25 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Beverley Woodhall Way240 m
Bus or coach stationBeverley Bus Station840 m (0.5 miles)
Car parksSpencer St Car Park1.1 km (0.7 miles)
EV charging pointsMFG Charging Station2.6 km (1.6 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsHumberside Airport HUY31.1 km (19 miles)
Nearest large airportLeeds Bradford Airport LBA80.4 km (50 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest North Beverley Medical Centre850 m (0.5 miles)
Pharmacies6 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Hengate Pharmacy700 m (0.4 miles)
NHS dentists6 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Beverley Health Centre700 m (0.4 miles)
HospitalEast Riding Community Hospital1.7 km (1.1 miles)
Police stationBeverley Police Station300 m
Cash machinesBarclays ATM1.1 km (0.7 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden6 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.2 ha260 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Unnamed 1.4 ha680 m (0.4 miles)
Play area9 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 30 m²260 m
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.7 ha610 m (0.4 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2,870 m²400 m (0.2 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 6 parks and gardens, 3.6 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is The Sessions House, a listed building (Grade II*), 330 m south-west. 216 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 5 of them Grade I and 16 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
The Sessions HouseListed building, Grade II*330 m south-west
62, North Bar WithoutListed building, Grade II*390 m south
The Red HouseListed building, Grade II*440 m (0.3 miles) south
48, North Bar WithoutListed building, Grade II*470 m (0.3 miles) south
Bowl barrow on Westwood Common, 610m north west of BlackmillScheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-west
Site of Preceptory of the Holy Trinity (Knights Hospitallers)Scheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Square barrow on Westwood Common, 230m NNW of BlackmillScheduled monument1.5 km (0.9 miles) south-west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Black HillHill2 km (1.2 miles) north-east
Burton BushesWood2 km (1.3 miles) south-west
StorkhillHill2.7 km (1.7 miles) north-east
Blackmeredale BottomValley2.7 km (1.7 miles) south-west
Swadgery Mere WoodWood2.7 km (1.7 miles) south-west
The MereLake or reservoir3.9 km (2.4 miles) west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)5.74010
Fine particles (PM2.5)6.4205
Particles (PM10)11.04015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 5910
Under 555657

1 of the street's 57 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for East Riding of Yorkshire: see them on the East Riding of Yorkshire page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 1 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
St Mary's Church of England Voluntary Controlled Primary School, BeverleyPrimary4–11130 m No published inspection
Molescroft Primary SchoolPrimary4–11320 m Outstanding (Oct 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Longcroft School and Sixth Form CollegeSecondary11–18600 m (0.4 miles) Good (Nov 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Beverley Manor Nursery SchoolNursery2–5640 m (0.4 miles) No published inspection
Beverley High SchoolSecondary11–18690 m (0.4 miles) Outstanding (Nov 2021, overall grade under the previous framework)
Beverley Minster CE Primary School Church of EnglandPrimary4–111.2 km (0.8 miles) Requires improvement (Oct 2021, overall grade under the previous framework)
Swinemoor Primary SchoolPrimary4–111.3 km (0.8 miles) No published inspection
St John of Beverley Catholic Primary School - a Catholic voluntary academy Roman CatholicPrimary3–111.6 km (1 mile) Good (Jun 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Beverley Grammar SchoolSecondary11–181.9 km (1.2 miles) Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Strong standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Post-16 provision: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Beverley St Nicholas Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 1 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
St Marys Primary School HU17 7HDSchool/college/university130 m5 Very good7 May 2026
Fullers Bakery HU17 7HZRetailers - other240 m5 Very good6 Mar 2026
Molescroft Chinese Takeaway HU17 7HZTakeaway/sandwich shop240 m4 Good6 Nov 2025
Today's Express HU17 7HZRetailers - other240 m5 Very good4 Dec 2025
Molescroft Stores HU17 7HZRetailers - other240 m3 Generally satisfactory24 Apr 2025
Molescroft News and Post Office HU17 7HZRetailers - other240 m5 Very good3 Dec 2025
Molescroft Primary School HU17 7HFSchool/college/university330 m5 Very good20 Apr 2026
The Westwood Restaurant HU17 7AERestaurant/Cafe/Canteen340 m5 Very good21 Jan 2026
Merienda HU17 7AERestaurant/Cafe/Canteen340 m5 Very good17 Apr 2026
McCarthy & Stone, Westwood Manor HU17 7DHHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises430 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good19 Oct 2026
Rose & Crown HU17 7ABPub/bar/nightclub490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good6 Nov 2025

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

27 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences12
Burglary5
Anti-social behaviour4
Public order4
Criminal damage and arson2

Most of these are attached to: On or near Westfield Avenue (7); On or near Eden Road (5); On or near Bainton Close (3); On or near The Paddock (3); On or near Orchard Close (3).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the Output Area (a small census area of about 125 households) that this street's postcodes are in: 275 residents in 125 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age5340
Children under 1515%17%
Aged 65 and over34%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)88%61%
Owned outright57%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented0%17%
Private rented11%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work52%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)2%6%
Retired (of adults)40%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)0%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)29%32%
Travel to work by car or van61%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram0%4%
By any public transport, including bus0%8%
On foot or by bicycle11%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)37%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away27%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)48%34%
No qualifications13%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification5%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)99%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all0%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 10 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Bleach Yard · Orchard Garth · Orchard Close · Eden Close · Westfield Avenue · Eden Road · Finch Park · Bleach Yard · Bleach Yard · Bainton Close · Old Court · Molescroft Avenue

All the streets in HU17 and across East Riding of Yorkshire.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.