Windrush Road Southampton

59 addresses across 3 postcodes (SO16), about 460 m (0.3 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 37009977.

  • Sales: 31 recorded sales since 1995; in 2020 the median was £130,500 across 2 sales.
  • Energy: 31 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 23, D: 6, E: 1).
  • Flood: 3 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Southampton costs £2,381 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Redbridge, about 1 km (0.6 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 760 m (0.5 miles) away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 11.2 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.4 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 7 to 9 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 7 of its 59 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Solent GP Surgery, about 720 m (0.4 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 620 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 39% of households owned their home and 24% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 135 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20202£130,500£128,000£133,000
20191£123,500£123,500£123,500
20181£130,000£130,000£130,000
20171£74,500£74,500£74,500
20131£97,500£97,500£97,500
20122£113,000£84,000£142,000
20102£85,750£76,500£95,000
20083£80,000£72,000£105,000
20071£114,950£114,950£114,950
20062£92,250£89,500£95,000
20034£75,500£44,000£129,500
20022£54,340£26,680£82,000
Most recent sales (31)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
18 Sep 202023 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£128,000Leasehold.
3 Jul 202015 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£133,000Leasehold.
17 Jan 201920 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£123,500Leasehold.
14 Dec 201819 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£120,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
16 Apr 201825 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£130,000Leasehold.
27 Sep 201730 SO16 9DDOther£139,950Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
16 Mar 201734A SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£74,500Leasehold.
8 Feb 201325 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£97,500Leasehold.
28 Sep 20126A SO16 9DEFlat or maisonette£84,000Leasehold.
20 Mar 20122 SO16 9DETerraced£142,000
18 Aug 201021 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£76,500Leasehold.
15 Jul 201028 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£95,000Leasehold.
7 Nov 200834A SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£72,000Leasehold.
31 Oct 200830 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£80,000Leasehold.
23 May 200820 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£105,000Leasehold.
17 Apr 200715 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£114,950Leasehold.
10 Nov 200625 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£89,500Leasehold.
20 Apr 200628 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£95,000Leasehold.
1 Dec 200319 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£44,000Leasehold.
2 Oct 20033 SO16 9DETerraced£129,500
4 Apr 20033 SO16 9DETerraced£106,000
17 Feb 200315 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£45,000Leasehold.
20 Dec 200217 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£82,000Leasehold.
29 Apr 200220 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£26,680Leasehold.
13 Dec 20003 SO16 9DETerraced£74,950
31 Jan 200021 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£51,950Leasehold.
20 Dec 199917 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£46,000Leasehold.
16 Oct 199622 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£29,000Leasehold.
26 Jul 199624 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£32,000Leasehold.
29 Apr 19963 SO16 9DETerraced£49,000
29 Sep 199517 SO16 9DDFlat or maisonette£30,950Leasehold.

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from September 2009 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

31 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 65 m². Most common: Flat (20); House, mid-terrace (6); Maisonette, end-terrace (2). Built: 1950-1966 (25); 1967-1975 (4); 1930-1949 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (11); rented (social) (11); rented (private) (2).

Each home's certificates and sales (18 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Southampton in 2026-27: Band D £2,381 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,588£1,852£2,117£2,381£2,911£3,440£3,969£4,763

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (54% of about 610 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): HMO.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 31 October 2026.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 2 addresses are in areas at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 2 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
SO16 9DDnot in 2 or 3 2 / 1 / 1 unlikely
SO16 9DEnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1 unlikely
SO16 9BYnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 59 addresses are between 7 m and 9 m above sea level (8 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
SO16 9BY100%100%100%0%
SO16 9DD100%100%100%0%
SO16 9DE100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsRedbridge 33,000 journeys in 2024–251 km (0.6 miles)
Totton 216,000 journeys in 2024–251.8 km (1.1 miles)
Millbrook (Hants) 36,000 journeys in 2024–252.2 km (1.3 miles)
Bus stops6 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 37 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Windrush Road Millbrook Estate190 m
Bus or coach stationAlbion Place Southampton City Centre4.4 km (2.7 miles)
Ferry terminalSouthampton Vehicle Ferry Terminal Eastern Docks4.8 km (3 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Radio Cruise Parking730 m (0.5 miles)
EV charging pointsevyve Charging Station1.7 km (1 mile)
Airport with scheduled flightsSouthampton Airport SOU7.7 km (4.8 miles)
Nearest large airportLondon Heathrow Airport LHR92.6 km (58 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Solent GP Surgery720 m (0.4 miles)
Pharmacies4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest The Adelaide Pharmacy720 m (0.4 miles)
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Oakley Road Dental Practice1 km (0.6 miles)
HospitalWestern Community Hospital720 m (0.4 miles)
Police stationTotton Police Station2.1 km (1.3 miles)
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Tesco Bank ATM560 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 4,720 m²760 m (0.5 miles)
Play area8 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 500 m²330 m
Playing field3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Green Park 6.5 ha350 m
Allotments7 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Borrowdale Road Allotments 2.3 ha420 m (0.3 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 1 park or garden, 0.5 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Redbridge old bridges See also HAMPSHIRE 180, a scheduled monument, 1.3 km (0.8 miles) west. 3 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Redbridge old bridges See also HAMPSHIRE 180Scheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) west
Redbridge old bridges See also SOUTHAMPTON 180Scheduled monument1.3 km (0.8 miles) west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Pickles CopseWood520 m (0.3 miles) north-east
Luggy CreekTidal water1.2 km (0.7 miles) south
Shirley PondLake or reservoir1.4 km (0.9 miles) east
Testwood Lane StreamTidal water1.5 km (0.9 miles) west
Eling Great MarshWetland1.6 km (1 mile) south-west
Heron's HillHill4.2 km (2.6 miles) south

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)11.24010
Fine particles (PM2.5)6.4205
Particles (PM10)10.54015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
60 to 6410
55 to 5960
Under 555259

7 of the street's 59 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Southampton: see them on the Southampton page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 3 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Mason Moor Primary School, Nursery & Specialist BasesPrimary2–11340 m Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Newlands Primary SchoolPrimary4–11460 m (0.3 miles) No published inspection
Redbridge Primary SchoolPrimary4–11620 m (0.4 miles) No published inspection
Redbridge Community SchoolSecondary11–16620 m (0.4 miles) Good (Jul 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Tanners Brook Primary SchoolPrimary4–11840 m (0.5 miles) No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good
Mansel Park Primary & Nursery School - Part of the Learning Federation Partnership of SchoolsPrimary2–11860 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
Regents Park Community CollegeSecondary11–161.1 km (0.7 miles) No published inspection
Holy Family Catholic Primary School - Part of the Learning Federation Partnership of Schools Roman CatholicPrimary4–111.2 km (0.7 miles) No published inspection
Oasis Academy Lord's HillSecondary11–161.2 km (0.8 miles) Inadequate (Jun 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Shirley Warren Primary & Nursery SchoolPrimary2–111.4 km (0.9 miles) No overall grade (Jul 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Requires improvement; Behaviour and attitudes: Requires improvement; Personal development: Requires improvement; Leadership and management: Requires improvement
Foundry Lane Primary SchoolPrimary4–111.7 km (1.1 miles) Requires improvement (Jan 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Wordsworth Primary and Nursery SchoolPrimary2–111.8 km (1.1 miles) No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
ZULF Street Kitchen Flavours SO16 9DDTakeaway/sandwich shop150 m3 Generally satisfactory26 Aug 2025
Arrow News SO16 9DDRetailers - other150 m1 Major improvement necessary10 Feb 2026
Olive Tree Pre-School SO16 9DDHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises150 m5 Very good9 Sep 2026
The Bricklayers Arms SO16 4QDPub/bar/nightclub220 mAwaiting inspection
ActiveMe 360 CIC @Mason Moor Primary School SO16 4ASHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises340 mAwaiting inspection
Golden Pool SO16 9LYTakeaway/sandwich shop380 m3 Generally satisfactory2 Oct 2025
One Stop SO16 9LYRetailers - other380 m5 Very good9 Oct 2025
Star Fish Bar SO16 9LYTakeaway/sandwich shop380 m5 Very good30 May 2026
Tesco Express SO16 4QFRetailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets390 m5 Very good21 Oct 2024
Learning Land Day Centre SO16 4QFHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises390 m5 Very good19 Aug 2026
One Stop SO16 4ATRetailers - other410 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good9 Oct 2025
Mason Moor Primary School SO16 4ASSchool/college/university420 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good22 Sep 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

135 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences64
Anti-social behaviour19
Criminal damage and arson15
Public order9
Vehicle crime8
Other theft6
Burglary4
Other crime4
Drugs3
Possession of weapons2
Theft from the person1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Crigdon Close (18); On or near Windrush Road (16); On or near Ribble Court (16); On or near Calder Close (13); On or near Tosson Close (13).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 621 residents in 236 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3640
Children under 1524%17%
Aged 65 and over10%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)39%61%
Owned outright16%33%
Shared ownershipunder 1%1%
Social rented51%17%
Private rented10%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work60%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)5%6%
Retired (of adults)13%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)11%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)13%32%
Travel to work by car or van63%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram1%4%
By any public transport, including bus9%8%
On foot or by bicycle12%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)81%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away5%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)24%34%
No qualifications26%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification7%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)88%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all2%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 1 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

  • SO16 9DD: 36 addresses of 38 in the postcode
  • SO16 9DE: 22 addresses of 23 in the postcode
  • SO16 9BY: 1 address of 20 in the postcode

Nearby streets

Cherwell Crescent · Welland Green · Windrush Road · Isis Close · Teme Crescent · Teme Road · Calder Close · Severn Road · Windrush Road · Martindale Terrace · Wimpson Lane · Totland Close

All the streets in SO16 and across Southampton.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.