Beecham Street Morecambe, Lancaster

23 addresses across 3 postcodes (LA4), about 70 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 19700610.

  • Sales: 41 recorded sales since 1995; in 2024 the median was £59,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 16 homes have an energy certificate (C: 3, D: 10, E: 2, G: 1).
  • Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Lancaster costs £2,503 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Morecambe, about 750 m (0.5 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: The nearest park or garden, Poulton Hall, is about 110 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 6.0 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: It is about 10 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 11 of its 23 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Bay Medical Group, about 4.3 km (2.6 miles) away.
  • People: About 580 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 48% of households owned their home and 24% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 254 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20241£59,000£59,000£59,000
20231£157,500£157,500£157,500
20221£92,000£92,000£92,000
20212£102,500£75,000£130,000
20162£77,000£74,000£80,000
20141£67,500£67,500£67,500
20101£61,500£61,500£61,500
20091£70,500£70,500£70,500
20082£115,000£115,000£115,000
20073£92,000£79,000£102,000
20064£92,500£70,000£109,950
20051£67,000£67,000£67,000
Most recent sales (41)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
2 Feb 20263 LA4 5JDTerraced£91,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
28 Feb 20257 LA4 5JDTerraced£149,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
13 Jun 202413 LA4 5JDTerraced£59,000
10 Aug 202319 LA4 5JETerraced£60,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
9 Aug 20239 LA4 5JDTerraced£157,500
30 Nov 202223 LA4 5JETerraced£92,000
23 Mar 20229 LA4 5JDTerraced£74,000Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
12 Nov 20218 LA4 5JDTerraced£130,000
9 Feb 20214 LA4 5JDTerraced£75,000
31 Mar 202025 LA4 5JETerraced£71,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
6 Feb 20205 LA4 5JDTerraced£75,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
23 Sep 201610 LA4 5JDTerraced£74,000
4 Mar 20168 LA4 5JDTerraced£80,000
28 Mar 20149 LA4 5JDTerraced£67,500
24 Sep 201010 LA4 5JDTerraced£61,500
5 Nov 20097 LA4 5JDTerraced£70,500
28 Oct 20081 LA4 5JDTerraced£115,000
28 Oct 20081 LA4 5JDTerraced£115,000
28 Aug 20078 LA4 5JDTerraced£102,000
5 Apr 200729 LA4 5JETerraced£92,000
5 Jan 20079 LA4 5JDTerraced£79,000
24 Nov 20065 LA4 5JDTerraced£109,950
24 Feb 20063 LA4 5JDTerraced£105,000
20 Jan 20068 LA4 5JDTerraced£80,000
20 Jan 200623 LA4 5JETerraced£70,000
27 Jun 200529 LA4 5JETerraced£67,000
21 Jul 20042 LA4 5JDTerraced£82,000
22 Apr 20049 LA4 5JDTerraced£71,000
2 Apr 200421 LA4 5JETerraced£62,000
30 Mar 200412 LA4 5JDSemi-detached£63,000
11 Jul 200327 LA4 5JETerraced£47,500
27 Sep 20024 LA4 5JDTerraced£34,950
7 Jun 20029 LA4 5JDTerraced£42,500
22 Feb 20023 LA4 5JDTerraced£39,950
17 Dec 20013 LA4 5JDTerraced£21,000
14 Jul 200021 LA4 5JETerraced£25,500
28 May 199929 LA4 5JETerraced£31,950
28 Feb 19974 LA4 5JDTerraced£31,600
23 Dec 19962 LA4 5JDTerraced£24,500
21 Jun 199611 LA4 5JDTerraced£24,000
21 Jun 19967 LA4 5JDTerraced£19,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from October 2016 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

16 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 84 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (12); House, end-terrace (4). Built: before 1900 (9); 1900-1929 (6); 1930-1949 (1). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (9); rented (private) (6); rented (social) (1).

Each home's certificates and sales (16 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Lancaster in 2026-27: Band D £2,503 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,669£1,947£2,225£2,503£3,059£3,616£4,172£5,006

Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band A (69% of about 1,720 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the 2 neighbourhoods (census areas of about 700 homes each) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: yes, Morecambe (council page). Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: 1.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Listed buildings

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 31 October 2026.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 0 addresses are in areas at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 1 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
LA4 5JDnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1 unlikely
LA4 5JEnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely
LA4 5JBnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's addresses are about 10 m above sea level.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
LA4 5JB100%100%100%0%
LA4 5JD100%100%100%0%
LA4 5JE100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsMorecambe 175,000 journeys in 2024–25750 m (0.5 miles)
Bare Lane 119,000 journeys in 2024–251.6 km (1 mile)
Lancaster 2.2 million journeys in 2024–254.5 km (2.8 miles)
Bus stops12 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 27 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Lord Street Morecambe120 m
Bus or coach stationBus Station Morecambe790 m (0.5 miles)
Ferry terminalHeysham Ferry Terminal5.7 km (3.5 miles)
Car parks1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Bay Arena Car Park710 m (0.4 miles)
EV charging points4 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest bp pulse Charging Station180 m
Airport with scheduled flightsLeeds Bradford Airport LBA82 km (51 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeriesBay Medical Group4.3 km (2.6 miles)
Pharmacies5 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Cohens Chemist180 m
NHS dentists5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Morecambe Dental Centre200 m
HospitalQueen Victoria Hospital200 m
Police stationMorecambe Police Station200 m
Cash machines1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest ATM520 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Poulton Hall 1,720 m²110 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Unnamed 6,660 m²630 m (0.4 miles)
Play area5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 190 m²120 m
Playing field1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.5 ha710 m (0.4 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 8,260 m²740 m (0.5 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 3 parks and gardens, 1.0 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is The Winter Gardens, a listed building (Grade II*), 760 m (0.5 miles) west. 25 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
The Winter GardensListed building, Grade II*760 m (0.5 miles) west
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Under-th'-bankWetland240 m north-west
Fartle BarrowWetland370 m north
Morecambe North BeachBeach510 m (0.3 miles) west
Bare AyreLake or reservoir850 m (0.5 miles) north-east
Great WoodWood1.4 km (0.9 miles) east
Oxcliffe HillHill3.1 km (1.9 miles) south-east

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)6.04010
Fine particles (PM2.5)5.3205
Particles (PM10)8.24015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
55 to 59110
Under 551223

11 of the street's 23 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Lancaster: see them on the Lancaster page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 4 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Poulton-le-Sands Church of England Primary SchoolPrimary4–11120 m Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Morecambe Bay Community Primary SchoolPrimary3–11250 m Report card (Jan 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Needs attention; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met
St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Morecambe Roman CatholicPrimary4–11460 m (0.3 miles) Requires improvement (Jul 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Morecambe Bay AcademySecondary11–18650 m (0.4 miles) Good (Sep 2023, overall grade under the previous framework)
Lancaster Road Primary SchoolPrimary4–111 km (0.6 miles) Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Morecambe and Heysham Westgate Primary SchoolPrimary4–111.5 km (0.9 miles) Requires improvement (May 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
Great Wood Primary SchoolPrimary4–111.6 km (1 mile) No published inspection
West End Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.6 km (1 mile) Good (Nov 2022, overall grade under the previous framework)
Morecambe and Heysham Torrisholme Community Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) No overall grade (Jul 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Good

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 4 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
The Morecambe Hotel LA4 5HXPub/bar/nightclub60 m4 Good28 May 2025
Morecambe Day Nursery LA4 5HTHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises120 m5 Very good16 Apr 2026
Poulton le Sands CE Primary LA4 5QASchool/college/university120 m5 Very good28 Feb 2025
Morecambe Centre LA4 5QAOther catering premises120 m5 Very good14 May 2026
New Inn LA4 5PZPub/bar/nightclub120 m1 Major improvement necessary3 Sep 2026
The Shrimp Shop LA4 5PZRetailers - other120 m4 Good22 May 2026
Poulton Square Fish and Chips LA4 5PZTakeaway/sandwich shop120 m5 Very good17 Jun 2026
Keegan's Sandwich and Coffee Shop LA4 5PZTakeaway/sandwich shop120 m4 Good23 Oct 2025
Buzz Bingo LA4 5HYPub/bar/nightclub160 m5 Very good18 Aug 2025
Lothersdale Hotel LA4 5AAHotel/bed & breakfast/guest house160 m4 Good19 Nov 2025
Auckland Hotel LA4 5AAHotel/bed & breakfast/guest house160 m5 Very good19 Feb 2026
Queen Victoria Tea Bar LA4 5NNRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen170 m5 Very good7 Apr 2026
Vittles LA4 5HLRetailers - other220 m5 Very good17 Mar 2026
Rainbow Centre LA4 5EXRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen220 m5 Very good2 Aug 2023
The Bull LA4 5ESPub/bar/nightclub260 m4 Good30 Jul 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

254 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences85
Anti-social behaviour64
Criminal damage and arson39
Vehicle crime16
Burglary11
Other theft11
Drugs10
Other crime8
Public order5
Bicycle theft3
Possession of weapons1
Theft from the person1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Eidsforth Road (37); On or near Parking Area (30); On or near Washington Avenue (24); On or near Green Street (22); On or near Hanover Street (15).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 575 residents in 227 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age3740
Children under 1522%17%
Aged 65 and over13%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)48%61%
Owned outright28%33%
Shared ownership2%1%
Social rented14%17%
Private rented36%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work53%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)10%6%
Retired (of adults)16%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)7%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)11%32%
Travel to work by car or van49%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram2%4%
By any public transport, including bus10%8%
On foot or by bicycle26%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)80%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away8%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)24%34%
No qualifications21%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification5%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)92%91%
Cannot speak English well or at all2%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhoods around this street are all in decile 1 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

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Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

  • LA4 5JD: 15 addresses of 16 in the postcode
  • LA4 5JE: 7 addresses of 9 in the postcode
  • LA4 5JB: 1 address of 14 in the postcode

Nearby streets

Rose Street · Baxtergate · Matthias Street · Oxford Street · Old Market Court · Townley Street · Poulton Road · Clark Street · Poulton Mews · New Inn Yard · Old Market Court · Thornton Road

All the streets in LA4 and across Lancaster.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.