Hillside Park Bargod / Bargoed, Caerphilly

98 addresses across 2 postcodes (CF81), about 280 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 47502190.

  • Sales: 81 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £315,000 across 5 sales.
  • Energy: 51 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 8, D: 23, E: 15, F: 4).
  • Flood: No postcode centre on the street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Caerphilly costs £2,083 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 60% to 67% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Gilfach Fargoed, about 300 m away in a straight line.
  • Green space: There is a small park or garden about 160 m away, and Parc Coetir Bargod (96 hectares) is about 260 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 6.7 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.4 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 204 to 222 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 11 of its 98 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Bryntirion Surgery, about 480 m (0.3 miles) away, with 2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
  • People: About 540 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 65% of households owned their home and 26% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 79 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20255£315,000£225,000£415,000
20243£180,000£160,000£250,000
20232£312,500£225,000£400,000
20224£195,500£62,030£282,000
20214£210,000£200,000£296,500
20204£295,000£170,000£351,000
20193£175,000£128,000£260,000
20181£160,000£160,000£160,000
20176£181,500£85,000£225,000
20163£153,000£130,000£157,000
20151£93,200£93,200£93,200
20143£130,000£89,995£185,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 81)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
11 Nov 202538 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£315,000
27 Oct 202570 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£415,000
23 Oct 202520 CF81 8NLDetached£364,000
10 Oct 202512 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£300,000
28 Feb 202583 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£225,000
24 Oct 202411 CF81 8NJTerraced£160,000
18 Jul 202475 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£250,000
15 Jul 202415 CF81 8NJDetached£180,000
10 Jul 202345 CF81 8NJDetached£225,000
23 Mar 202364 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£400,000
21 Dec 20227 CF81 8NJTerraced£151,000
22 Jul 202255 CF81 8NJDetached£240,000
14 Apr 202244 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£62,030
20 Jan 202267 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£282,000
17 Dec 202163 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£296,500
22 Jun 202128 CF81 8NLTerraced£215,000
7 Jun 202116 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£200,000
5 Mar 20218 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£205,000
18 Dec 202068 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£351,000
27 Nov 202072 CF81 8NLDetached£350,000
6 Nov 202046 CF81 8NLTerraced£170,000
6 Feb 202072 CF81 8NLDetached£240,000
17 May 201985 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£128,000
29 Mar 201920 CF81 8NLDetached£260,000
29 Mar 201935 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£175,000
19 Oct 201863 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£160,000
21 Dec 201724 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£188,000
23 Nov 201723 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£175,000
23 Jun 201778 CF81 8NLTerraced£225,000
15 Jun 201732 CF81 8NLTerraced£215,000
31 May 20173 CF81 8NJTerraced£85,000
11 May 201724 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£124,995Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
21 Apr 201736 CF81 8NLOther£72,500Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
7 Apr 201755A CF81 8NJDetached£118,000
7 Oct 201630 CF81 8NLTerraced£130,000
14 Jun 201657 CF81 8NJDetached£157,000
27 May 201643 CF81 8NJDetached£153,000
16 Oct 20159 CF81 8NJTerraced£93,200
6 Nov 201423 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£185,000
8 Aug 201444 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£89,995
23 May 201422 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£130,000
22 Aug 20132 CF81 8NLDetached£173,000
7 Dec 201226 CF81 8NLTerraced£120,000
25 May 201238 CF81 8NLSemi-detached£120,000
15 Jun 2011PEN YR YNYS, 62 CF81 8NLDetached£280,000
18 Feb 20103 CF81 8NJTerraced£85,000
27 Sep 200757 CF81 8NJDetached£140,000
12 Apr 200745 CF81 8NJDetached£177,000
26 Jan 200781 CF81 8NJTerraced£135,000
3 Nov 200625 CF81 8NJSemi-detached£185,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from January 2010 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

51 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 119 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (28); House, detached (12); House, mid-terrace (5). Built: 1967-1975 (18); 1900-1929 (18); 1950-1966 (7). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (41); rented (private) (1).

Each home's certificates and sales (29 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in Caerphilly in 2026-27: Band D £2,083 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.

ABCDEFGHI
£1,389£1,620£1,851£2,083£2,546£3,009£3,471£4,166£4,860

Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band A (46% of about 1,640 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10; some small counts withheld), for the 2 neighbourhoods (census areas of about 700 homes each) around it, not just this street; Welsh Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.

Source: DataMapWales (Welsh Government): conservation areas compiled from the councils, and Cadw's listed buildings. Conservation areas are checked at each postcode's centre; some councils' boundaries in this layer have not been updated for years, so the council's own map is the one to rely on. Listed buildings are counted on or by this street. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them.

Roadworks

Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 106 address points in this street's postcodes, 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 4 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: none is in an area at risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 0 at high risk, 1 at medium risk and 4 at low risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low risk
CF81 8NJnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 1
CF81 8NLnot in 2 or 3 0 / 1 / 3

Sources: Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales: rivers, sea and surface water (loaded 30 October 2026), and Flood Map for Planning: rivers and sea (loaded 29 October 2026); address points from OS Open UPRN and the ONS UPRN Directory. Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on Natural Resources Wales's flood risk map.

Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and database right. All rights reserved. Some features of this information are based on digital spatial data licensed from the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © UKCEH. Defra, Met Office and DARD Rivers Agency © Crown copyright. © Cranfield University. © James Hutton Institute.

Height above sea level

The street's 98 addresses are between 204 m and 222 m above sea level (212 m on average); the ground rises about 18 m from the lowest to the highest.

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
CF81 8NJ100%67%67%0%
CF81 8NL100%60%60%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsGilfach Fargoed 5,140 journeys in 2024–25300 m
Bargoed 188,000 journeys in 2024–25930 m (0.6 miles)
Pengam 214,000 journeys in 2024–251.5 km (0.9 miles)
Bus stops8 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 19 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Capel Hotel Gilfach130 m
Bus or coach stationBlackwood Bus Station Stand 13.2 km (2 miles)
EV charging points6 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Hanbury Road Car Park620 m (0.4 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsCardiff International Airport CWL32.9 km (20 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeries2 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Bryntirion Surgery480 m (0.3 miles)
Pharmacies5 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Bargoed Pharmacy350 m
NHS dentists1 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest 13 High Street [Dental Surgery]860 m (0.5 miles)
HospitalYsbyty Ystrad Fawr5.7 km (3.6 miles)
Police stationBargoed Police Station570 m (0.4 miles)
Cash machines1 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest ATM390 m

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden6 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 5,890 m²160 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Parc Coetir Bargod 96 ha260 m
Play area4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,540 m²290 m
Playing field3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2.0 ha520 m (0.3 miles)
Allotments8 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1,220 m²80 m

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 6 parks and gardens, 116 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Hanbury Road Baptist Chapel and Schoolrooms, including gates and gatepiers, a listed building (Grade II*), 680 m (0.4 miles) north. 3 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade II*.

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Hanbury Road Baptist Chapel and Schoolrooms, including gates and gatepiersListed building, Grade II*680 m (0.4 miles) north
Rectangular Earthworks 530m SSW of Heol-Ddu-UchafScheduled monument1.2 km (0.7 miles) west
Fforest Gwladys Roman practice campScheduled monument1.9 km (1.2 miles) west
Maes Manor HotelRegistered park or garden, Grade II2.5 km (1.5 miles) east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Gwerthonor-isaf WoodWood1.1 km (0.7 miles) south
Coed Ty'n-y-pwllWood1.3 km (0.8 miles) south-east
Tir-y-bont WoodWood1.4 km (0.9 miles) south-east
Coed Groes-faenWood2.1 km (1.3 miles) north-west
Cwm GelliValley2.5 km (1.5 miles) east
Twyn y GwyntHill4 km (2.5 miles) north

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)6.74010
Fine particles (PM2.5)5.4205
Particles (PM10)8.34015

All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road and rail noise

Source: Welsh Government, Environmental Noise Mapping 2022 (Wales), modelled with Defra's noise model for every road and railway in Wales and published in August 2023, through DataMapWales: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out aircraft, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic and 54 dB for railways.

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailways
60 to 6440
55 to 5970
Under 558798

11 of the street's 98 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Caerphilly: see them on the Caerphilly page.

Nearest schools

Source: Welsh Government address list of schools in Wales, October 2026 (maintained schools only, placed at their postcode). Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Estyn, which inspects Welsh schools, no longer gives grades; its reports describe each school in words.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Park Primary English mediumPrimary3–11380 m Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Gymraeg Gilfach Fargod Welsh mediumPrimary3–11630 m (0.4 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Gilfach Fargoed Primary English mediumPrimary3–11820 m (0.5 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
St Gwladys Bargoed School English mediumPrimary3–11890 m (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Bro Sannan Welsh mediumPrimary3–111 km (0.6 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Heolddu Comprehensive School English mediumSecondary11–191.1 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Aberbargoed Primary School English mediumPrimary3–111.1 km (0.7 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
The Lewis School English mediumSecondary11–191.3 km (0.8 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Pengam Primary English mediumPrimary3–111.8 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Ysgol Gymraeg Trelyn Welsh mediumPrimary3–111.8 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School
Cefn Fforest Primary English mediumPrimary3–111.8 km (1.1 miles) Estyn reports · My Local School

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 3 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Bargoed Dairies CF81 8NJDistributors/Transporters80 m4 Good26 Jun 2025
Parc House Ltd CF81 8NNHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises100 m5 Very good9 Jan 2026
Bargoed Rugby Football Club Limited CF81 8LQPub/bar/nightclub220 m5 Very good25 Mar 2026
Glencourt CF81 8NLHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises220 m3 Generally satisfactory10 Mar 2026
Valley News CF81 8LXRetailers - other230 m5 Very good27 Jul 2026
Dirty Cowgirl CF81 8LQRestaurant/Cafe/Canteen300 m5 Very good13 Mar 2024
JJ's CF81 8WZRetailers - other320 m3 Generally satisfactory19 Aug 2026
Ty Gilfach School Dining Centre CF81 8NDSchool/college/university320 m5 Very good22 Oct 2024
Gilfach Workmen's Club CF81 8LXPub/bar/nightclub340 m5 Very good20 Mar 2024
Bargoed Pharmacy CF81 8WZRetailers - other370 mExempt
Ajantha Indian Takeaway CF81 8PATakeaway/sandwich shop380 m3 Generally satisfactory23 Jul 2026
Piri Piri CF81 8PATakeaway/sandwich shop380 m4 Good4 Sep 2025
Bargoed Post Office CF81 8XNRetailers - other380 m5 Very good26 Mar 2025
Ricci's Cafe CF81 8PARestaurant/Cafe/Canteen410 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good10 Mar 2026
Cantonese Takeaway CF81 8NXTakeaway/sandwich shop420 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good5 May 2026

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

79 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Violence and sexual offences26
Anti-social behaviour15
Public order13
Criminal damage and arson10
Drugs3
Burglary3
Other crime3
Vehicle crime2
Other theft2
Possession of weapons2

Most of these are attached to: On or near Cardiff Road (19); On or near Eastview Terrace (14); On or near Angel Lane (14); On or near Aeron Place (9); On or near Alfred Street (7).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 539 residents in 239 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetWales
Median age5643
Children under 1511%17%
Aged 65 and over35%21%

Homes

Around this streetWales
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)65%66%
Owned outright38%38%
Shared ownership0%under 1%
Social rented26%17%
Private rented9%17%

Work and commuting

Around this streetWales
Adults (16 and over) in work39%54%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)9%6%
Retired (of adults)37%25%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)13%6%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)26%26%
Travel to work by car or van66%61%
By train, Underground, metro or tram0%under 1%
By any public transport, including bus2%3%
On foot or by bicycle5%8%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)46%60%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away7%10%

Education and languages

Around this streetWales
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)26%32%
No qualifications26%20%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification8%6%
Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over)100%97%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%under 1%

Deprivation

The 2 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 1 to 5 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025 (Welsh Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

  • CF81 8NJ: 53 addresses of 59 in the postcode
  • CF81 8NL: 45 addresses of 47 in the postcode

Nearby streets

Cardiff Road · Cardiff Road · Alfred Street · Heol Fargoed · Eastview Terrace · Aeron Place · Fire Station Close · William Street · Oakland Gardens · Oaklands · Denleigh Close · John Street

All the streets in CF81 and across Caerphilly.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.