Clos Caer Elms Llanelli, Carmarthenshire
28 addresses across 3 postcodes (SA15), about 180 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 47203800.
- Prices and rents: A typical home in Carmarthenshire cost £195,263 in August 2026 (+2.7% on a year); private rents averaged £690 a month.
- Energy: 15 homes have an energy certificate (C: 11, D: 4).
- Flood: At least one postcode centre is in flood zone 2.
- Recorded floods: No recorded flood covers the centre of any of its postcodes.
- Coal mining: It is in a coalfield, in a low risk area.
- Landfill: 1 historic landfill site within 500 m (0.3 miles) of its postcodes; the nearest, Peoples Park, is 250 m away.
- Coastal erosion: The nearest projected coastal erosion zone is 760 m (0.5 miles) from its postcodes.
- Radon: Up to 10 to 30% of homes in the 1 km squares around it are estimated to be at or above the radon Action Level.
- Traffic: The busiest counted road within 500 m (0.3 miles), the A484, carries 12,550 motor vehicles a day on average (2025).
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in Carmarthenshire costs £2,351 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Llanelli, about 1.5 km (0.9 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: There is a small park or garden about 290 m away, and Parc Howard (12 hectares) is about 620 m (0.4 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 4.2 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 4.3 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 6 to 7 m above sea level.
- Noise: 1 of its 28 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Fairfield Surgery, about 600 m (0.4 miles) away, with 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 250 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 49% of households owned their home and 18% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 70 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
- Road safety: 5 collisions in which someone was hurt were reported on and around it in 2021 to 2025, 2 of them fatal or serious; 2 involved a pedestrian.
£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on Clos Caer Elms: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home
House sales on this street
No sales recorded on this street since January 1995 under this street name.
House prices and rents in Carmarthenshire
A typical home in Carmarthenshire cost £195,263 in August 2026, 2.7% more than a year before. That is 17% more than five years earlier and 53% more than ten years earlier.
| Home | Typical price, Aug 2026 |
|---|---|
| Detached | £278,401 |
| Semi-detached | £179,559 |
| Terraced | £147,526 |
| Flat or maisonette | £92,297 |
| Bought by a first-time buyer | £169,075 |
Private renters in Carmarthenshire paid £690 a month on average in September 2026, 6.5% more than a year before. That is 38% more than five years earlier.
| Home | Average rent a month, Sep 2026 |
|---|---|
| One bedroom | £503 |
| Two bedrooms | £650 |
| Three bedrooms | £744 |
| Four or more bedrooms | £1,002 |
Energy performance certificates
15 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 67 m². Most common: House, mid-terrace (6); House, end-terrace (4); House, semi-detached (2). Built: 1983-1990 (6); 1991-1995 (5); 1976-1982 (4). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (15).
Each home's certificates and sales (15 addresses)
Gas and electricity use
Homes with gas used 7,527 kWh of it on average in 2024, 26% less than the district's 10,168 kWh, and 2,283 kWh of electricity, 21% less than the district's 2,885 kWh. There are gas meters for about 100% of the homes.
| Postcode | Electricity meters | Typical electricity | Gas meters | Typical gas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA15 3DF | 25 | 2,357 kWh | 26 | 6,309 kWh |
| SA15 3EL | 17 | 2,314 kWh | 18 | 9,217 kWh |
These are all the homes on each postcode, whatever their size and however many live in them, so they show the kind of homes and heating here rather than what any one home uses. The typical figure is the median: half the homes used less. The district is SA15.
Council tax
What each band costs in Carmarthenshire in 2026-27: Band D £2,351 a year on average, including the police and community council charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,567 | £1,829 | £2,090 | £2,351 | £2,874 | £3,396 | £3,919 | £4,702 | £5,486 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band C (29% of about 720 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and green belt: Wales has no national record of these; the council's planning department holds them.
Energy projects nearby
No wind turbine or waste plant within 5 km (3.1 miles), and no solar farm, battery site or other project of 1 MW or more within 2 km (1.2 miles), of the street's postcodes, operating or planned.
Roadworks
Street works permits come from the Department for Transport's Street Manager, which covers England only.
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: of the 66 address points in this street's postcodes, 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 20 at low risk. Each counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 17 at low risk. Surface water and small watercourses alone: 0 at high risk, 0 at medium risk and 4 at low risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. The map allows for flood defences. Address points are every property record (UPRN) in the postcode, each counted if it is in an area or within 5 m of one (the maps stop at building walls); a few are not homes, such as garages, business units or caravan pitches. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: at least one postcode centre is in flood zone 2. Zone 2 is between 0.1% and 1% a year from rivers (0.1% and 0.5% from the sea), ignoring defences. Welsh zones include an allowance for climate change.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk |
|---|---|---|
| SA15 3DF | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 |
| SA15 3EL | zone 2 | 0 / 0 / 11 |
| SA15 3EU | zone 2 | 0 / 0 / 9 |
Recorded floods
No recorded flood covers the centre of any of this street's postcodes.
Recorded floods are where floodwater was seen or surveyed after a flood. Many floods were never mapped, an outline over a postcode's centre does not mean every home in it flooded, and homes outside one may have. Ask the seller whether the home itself has flooded.
Coastal erosion
The nearest projected erosion zone is 760 m (0.5 miles) from the street's postcodes (by 2105, if defences are not maintained or built).
| Projection | Policy for the frontage | Erosion | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| By 2105, if defences are not maintained or built | No intervention SMP20 (Lavernock Point to St Ann's Head) | up to 3.4 - 6.6 m | 760 m (0.5 miles) |
Each shoreline management plan sets a policy for each stretch of coast: hold the line (keep defences where they are), managed realignment (let the shore move back in a controlled way), advance the line, or no active intervention. Erosion is the distance the shore may move back, counted from today, for the higher central climate change allowance. The maps are guidance from national modelling, not a survey of any one home; the council's coastal team can say more.
Storm overflows
No storm overflow outlet is within 1 km (0.6 miles) of the street's postcodes in this record, which covers the overflows reported to the Environment Agency: most of Wales's are reported to Natural Resources Wales instead.
Coal mining
3 of the street's 3 postcodes are in a coalfield, in a low risk area: coal was mined in the area, but no workings shallow enough to matter for building are recorded.
Conveyancers usually still order a coal mining search (CON29M) for a home in a coalfield.
Radon
The highest radon potential in the 1 km squares around the street's postcodes is 10 to 30%: up to that share of homes there is estimated to be at or above the Action Level of 200 becquerels per cubic metre. At least part of that area is a radon Affected Area, where 1% or more of homes are.
Radon is a natural radioactive gas from the ground that can build up indoors; long exposure raises the risk of lung cancer. A three-month test with two small detectors is the only way to know a home's level, and a high level can usually be brought down with a sump or better ventilation. Homes built here in recent decades should have radon protection under the building regulations (basic protection from 3%, full protection from 10%). UKHSA sells a radon report for a single address from its detailed map at ukradon.org.
Historic landfill
1 historic landfill site is within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the street's postcodes, the nearest 250 m away.
| Site | Waste went in | Waste | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peoples Park Llanelli | Not recorded | Not recorded | 250 m |
Closed tips can give off gas (methane and carbon dioxide) and leak into the ground for years. An environmental search, which conveyancers usually order, looks at landfill and contaminated land around the home; the council keeps a register of land it has found to be contaminated.
Height above sea level
The street's 28 addresses are between 6 m and 7 m above sea level (6 m on average).
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA15 3DF | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| SA15 3EL | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| SA15 3EU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Llanelli 393,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) |
| Pembrey and Burry Port 131,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.2 km (3.3 miles) | |
| Bynea 2,720 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.3 km (3.3 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 7 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 34 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Lotus House Union Buildings | 210 m |
| Bus or coach station | Llanelli Bus Station Stand 1 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Car parks | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Premier Inn Llanelli Central West Car Park | 360 m |
| EV charging points | 1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest InstaVolt Charging Station | 930 m (0.6 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Cardiff International Airport CWL | 65.9 km (41 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Fairfield Surgery | 600 m (0.4 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 8 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Well | 600 m (0.4 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Dental Surgery | 770 m (0.5 miles) |
| Hospital | Prince Philip Hospital | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) |
| Police station | Llanelli Police Station | 690 m (0.4 miles) |
| Cash machines | Cash machine 24-26 Cowell Street Halifax | 820 m (0.5 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 380 m² | 290 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Parc Howard 12 ha | 620 m (0.4 miles) |
| Play area | 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 320 m² | 480 m (0.3 miles) |
| Playing field | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 6.8 ha | 150 m |
| Allotments | Unnamed 7,090 m² | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 3 parks and gardens, 12 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Old Castle motte, a scheduled monument, 420 m (0.3 miles) south. 75 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 5 of them Grade I and 4 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Old Castle motte | Scheduled monument | 420 m (0.3 miles) south |
| Tinhouse, Old Castle Tinplate Works | Listed building, Grade II* | 670 m (0.4 miles) south |
| Tabernacle Chapel including forecourt Railings | Listed building, Grade II* | 680 m (0.4 miles) south-east |
| 24 Vaughan St / Bridge St | Listed building, Grade I | 770 m (0.5 miles) east |
| 22 Vaughan St / Bridge St | Listed building, Grade I | 780 m (0.5 miles) east |
| Parc Howard | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 900 m (0.6 miles) north-east |
| Raby's Furnace | Scheduled monument | 910 m (0.6 miles) north-east |
| Stradey Castle | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 1 km (0.6 miles) north-west |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| North Dock | Lake or reservoir | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) south |
| Cefn Padraig | Wetland | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) south-west |
| Tre-Beddrod Reservoir | Lake or reservoir | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) north |
| Stradey Wood | Wood | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) north-west |
| Cwm Ty-du | Valley | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) north-east |
| Tywyn Bâch | Beach | 3.5 km (2.2 miles) west |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 4.2 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 4.3 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 6.6 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within both the UK limits and the WHO guidelines.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 1 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 27 | 28 |
1 of the street's 28 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Carmarthenshire: see them on the Carmarthenshire page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection | Exam results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pentip Church in Wales English medium | Primary | 3–11 | 280 m | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Ffwrnes Welsh medium | Primary | 4–11 | 560 m (0.3 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Old Road English medium | Primary | 3–11 | 700 m (0.4 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Ysgol Gyfun Y Strade Welsh medium | Secondary | 11–19 | 710 m (0.4 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Pen Rhos Welsh and English | Primary | 3–11 | 1 km (0.6 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Bigyn English medium | Primary | 3–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Stebonheath English medium | Primary | 3–11 | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Penygaer English medium | Primary | 3–11 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Dewi Sant Welsh medium | Primary | 3–11 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
| Coedcae School English medium | Secondary | 11–16 | 2 km (1.2 miles) | Estyn reports · My Local School | Not published in Wales |
Exam results are from the Department for Education's school performance tables (Explore Education Statistics, Open Government Licence), for all pupils at each school. The middle school in England had 63% at the expected standard at the end of primary school (2025), Attainment 8 of 46.0 at GCSE (2026) and an A level average of C+ (2025). Attainment 8 adds up a pupil's grades in eight GCSEs, with English and maths counted twice (90 is the most), averaged over the school's pupils. Progress 8 compares pupils with others who had the same results at the end of primary school; it is not published for GCSEs in 2025 and 2026, as those pupils sat no primary tests during the pandemic. Small year groups swing from year to year, and figures for very small ones are withheld. Wales publishes no school results tables.
Nurseries and childcare
Ofsted registers childcare in England only. In Wales, nurseries, playgroups and childminders are registered and inspected by Care Inspectorate Wales, whose directory of services lists them with their reports.
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNA Late Shop SA15 3BP | Retailers - other | 170 m | 4 Good | 20 Aug 2024 |
| Frankie's Kitchen SA15 3BP | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 180 m | 5 Very good | 15 Jan 2019 |
| LOTUS HOUSE CHINESE TAKE AWAY SA15 3BL | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 280 m | 3 Generally satisfactory | 6 Mar 2025 |
| PENTIP VA PRIMARY SCHOOL SA15 3BL | School/college/university | 280 m | 5 Very good | 9 Mar 2018 |
| Stradey Park House SA15 3DP | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 290 m | 5 Very good | 11 Apr 2019 |
| Humble Coffi Co SA15 4BR | Retailers - other | 290 m | 4 Good | 9 Nov 2023 |
| Co-operative Group Food Ltd SA15 4BR | Retailers - supermarkets/hypermarkets | 290 m | 5 Very good | 14 Nov 2017 |
| Hwyl a Sbri SA15 3DP | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 370 m | 4 Good | 16 May 2024 |
| Ashley Court Care Home SA15 3DR | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 370 m | 5 Very good | 25 Feb 2026 |
| LLANELLI TENNIS AND SQUASH CLUB SA15 4BT | Pub/bar/nightclub | 410 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 15 Nov 2019 |
| LLANELLI CRICKET CLUB SA15 4BT | Pub/bar/nightclub | 410 m (0.3 miles) | 4 Good | 19 Aug 2026 |
| COLESHILL SOCIAL CENTRE SA15 3BT | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 420 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 4 Oct 2019 |
| CAEMAEN RESIDENTIAL HOME SA15 3BT | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 420 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 15 Oct 2024 |
| R&Z Ltd Company SA15 3DN | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 470 m (0.3 miles) | Awaiting inspection | |
| S&S Catering SA15 3LF | Other catering premises | 490 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 19 Apr 2022 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 27 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 10 |
| Other theft | 8 |
| Burglary | 6 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
| Shoplifting | 5 |
| Public order | 4 |
| Vehicle crime | 2 |
| Other crime | 2 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Stryd Y Maswr (16); On or near Clos Caer Elms (11); On or near Derwent Street (11); On or near Chapman Street (8); On or near Raby Street (7).
Road safety
5 collisions in which someone was hurt were reported on and around the street in 2021 to 2025: 0 fatal, 2 serious and 3 slight, in which 2 people were seriously hurt. 2 involved a pedestrian; 1 involved a motorcyclist; 1 involved a child under 16. 20% happened in the dark, and 20% on a wet or icy road. Most were on roads with a 30 mph limit.
| Year | Collisions | Fatal or serious |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 2 | 1 |
| 2022 | 2 | 1 |
| 2023 | 0 | 0 |
| 2024 | 1 | 0 |
| 2025 | 0 | 0 |
| Date | Severity | Who was hurt | Road | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 May 2024 17:12 | Slight | 1 person: 1 motorcyclist | A484, 20 mph | Daylight |
| 27 Nov 2022 06:05 | Serious | 1 person: 1 pedestrian | Minor road, 20 mph | Dark, street lights on, wet road |
| 23 May 2022 15:31 | Slight | 3 people: 1 child | A484, 30 mph | Daylight |
| 26 Dec 2021 15:55 | Serious | 1 person: 1 pedestrian | A484, 30 mph | Daylight |
| 21 Jan 2021 12:00 | Slight | 1 person | A484, 30 mph | Daylight |
Only collisions in which someone was hurt and which the police were told about are here: damage-only collisions and near misses are not, and some injuries are never reported. Positions are recorded by the police, usually to within a few metres. Each year's figures are published the following September.
Traffic on nearby roads
The busiest counted road within 500 m (0.3 miles) is the A484 between Maesyrhaf, Pwll and A476, with 12,550 motor vehicles a day on average in 2025, 80 m from the street's postcodes.
| Road | Between | Vehicles a day | Lorries | Ten years before | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A484 | Maesyrhaf, Pwll to A476 | 12,550 estimated; counted 2024 | 1% | -9% since 2015 | 80 m |
Each figure is the annual average daily flow: the motor vehicles passing the count point, both ways, on an average day of the year. A point is counted by hand on a weekday every few years and estimated from the trend on similar roads in between. Lorries are heavy goods vehicles, as a share of all motor vehicles.
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | Wales | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 51 | 43 |
| Children under 15 | 14% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 32% | 21% |
Homes
| Around this street | Wales | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 49% | 66% |
| Owned outright | 33% | 38% |
| Shared ownership | 0% | under 1% |
| Social rented | 42% | 17% |
| Private rented | 8% | 17% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | Wales | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 33% | 54% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 14% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 35% | 25% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 13% | 6% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 13% | 26% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 69% | 61% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 1% | under 1% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 4% | 3% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 13% | 8% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 60% | 60% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 3% | 10% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | Wales | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 18% | 32% |
| No qualifications | 31% | 20% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 7% | 6% |
| Main language English or Welsh (aged 3 and over) | 99% | 97% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | under 1% | under 1% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 8 of 10 on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of Wales's 1,917 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- SA15 3DF: 26 addresses
- SA15 3EL: 1 address of 30 in the postcode
- SA15 3EU: 1 address of 10 in the postcode
Nearby streets
New Zealand Street · Derwent Street · Pembrey Road · Stradey Park Avenue · Heol James Gravell · Stewart Street · Brettenham Street · Raby Street · Stryd y Maswr · A484 · Parkview Terrace · Rhodfa Delme
All the streets in SA15 and across Carmarthenshire.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported; road collisions count only those in which someone was hurt and the police were told.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.