Elmdale Road Coseley, Dudley
91 addresses across 4 postcodes (WV14), about 460 m (0.3 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 11404235.
- Sales: 75 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £235,000 across 3 sales.
- Energy: 46 homes have an energy certificate (C: 17, D: 21, E: 8).
- Flood: 6 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in Dudley costs £2,145 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Coseley, about 1.2 km (0.7 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden, Silver Jubilee Park, is about 500 m (0.3 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 11.6 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.6 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 174 to 186 m above sea level.
- Noise: 2 of its 91 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Woodsetton Medical Centre, about 130 m away, with 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 900 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 87% of households owned their home and 21% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 111 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often shoplifting.
£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on Elmdale Road: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 3 | £235,000 | £185,000 | £240,000 |
| 2024 | 1 | £182,000 | £182,000 | £182,000 |
| 2023 | 2 | £221,600 | £220,000 | £223,200 |
| 2022 | 2 | £160,000 | £150,000 | £170,000 |
| 2021 | 4 | £180,000 | £150,000 | £215,000 |
| 2020 | 3 | £137,000 | £106,000 | £215,000 |
| 2019 | 1 | £153,000 | £153,000 | £153,000 |
| 2018 | 2 | £185,000 | £185,000 | £185,000 |
| 2017 | 6 | £154,000 | £125,000 | £210,000 |
| 2016 | 1 | £104,000 | £104,000 | £104,000 |
| 2015 | 1 | £117,000 | £117,000 | £117,000 |
| 2014 | 1 | £152,500 | £152,500 | £152,500 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 Jun 2026 | 18 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £191,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 24 Apr 2026 | 18 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £170,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 28 Nov 2025 | 24 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £240,000 | |
| 30 Oct 2025 | 14 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £235,000 | |
| 23 Oct 2025 | 21 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £185,000 | |
| 15 Jan 2025 | 50 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £169,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 12 Nov 2024 | 41 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £183,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 1 Nov 2024 | 50 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £156,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 30 Oct 2024 | 34 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £182,000 | |
| 11 Jul 2024 | 41 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £150,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 7 Jun 2024 | 34 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £161,500 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 14 Jul 2023 | 86 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £223,200 | |
| 12 May 2023 | 24 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £220,000 | |
| 11 Aug 2022 | 71 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £150,000 | |
| 2 Feb 2022 | 10 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £170,000 | |
| 17 Nov 2021 | 3 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £215,000 | |
| 12 Nov 2021 | 74 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £200,000 | |
| 27 Aug 2021 | 57 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £163,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 8 Jul 2021 | 58 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £160,000 | |
| 7 May 2021 | 16 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £150,000 | |
| 10 Jul 2020 | 66 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £215,000 | |
| 26 Mar 2020 | 70 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £137,000 | |
| 10 Jan 2020 | 70 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £106,000 | |
| 6 Dec 2019 | 62 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £153,000 | |
| 8 Oct 2018 | 71 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £185,000 | |
| 6 Jul 2018 | 54 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £185,000 | |
| 15 Jun 2018 | 44 WV14 9AU | Other | £165,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 16 Nov 2017 | 49 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £210,000 | |
| 7 Jul 2017 | 84 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £173,000 | |
| 7 Jul 2017 | 76 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £168,000 | |
| 12 Apr 2017 | 18 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £125,000 | |
| 31 Mar 2017 | 36 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £126,750 | |
| 7 Mar 2017 | 75 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £140,000 | |
| 31 Oct 2016 | 43 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £104,000 | |
| 12 Feb 2015 | 79 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £117,000 | |
| 30 Jul 2014 | 54 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £152,500 | |
| 18 Dec 2013 | 29 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £113,500 | |
| 9 Dec 2013 | 84 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £135,000 | |
| 18 Oct 2013 | 68 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £90,000 | |
| 20 Sep 2013 | 2 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £139,000 | |
| 3 May 2013 | 19 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £87,500 | |
| 21 Sep 2012 | 87 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £130,000 | |
| 10 Feb 2012 | 66 WV14 9AU | Semi-detached | £120,000 | |
| 27 Jan 2012 | 64 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £125,000 | |
| 29 Oct 2010 | 69 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £124,950 | |
| 1 Oct 2010 | 51 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £158,000 | |
| 22 May 2009 | 84 WV14 9AU | Terraced | £90,000 | |
| 15 May 2009 | 7 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £80,000 | |
| 11 Jan 2008 | 3 WV14 9AR | Terraced | £149,950 | |
| 20 Nov 2007 | 71 WV14 9AR | Semi-detached | £159,950 |
Energy performance certificates
46 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 87 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (46). Built: 1950-1966 (41); 1930-1949 (5). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (37); rented (private) (2).
Each home's certificates and sales (46 addresses)
- 2, Elmdale Road
- 3 ELMDALE ROAD
- 6 Elmdale Road
- 10 Elmdale Road
- 11, Elmdale Road
- 13, Elmdale Road
- 14 Elmdale Road
- 15, Elmdale Road
- 16 ELMDALE ROAD, COSELEY
- 18, Elmdale Road
- 19, Elmdale Road
- 21 Elmdale Road
- 24 Elmdale Road
- 25, Elmdale Road
- 26 Elmdale Road
- 29, Elmdale Road
- 34 Elmdale Road
- 36, Elmdale Road
- 41 Elmdale Road
- 42, Elmdale Road
- 43, Elmdale Road
- 44, Elmdale Road
- 47, Elmdale Road
- 49, Elmdale Road
- 50 Elmdale Road
- 51, Elmdale Road
- 54, Elmdale Road
- 56 ELMDALE ROAD, COSELEY
- 57 Elmdale Road
- 58, Elmdale Road
- 62, Elmdale Road
- 64, Elmdale Road
- 66, Elmdale Road
- 68, Elmdale Road
- 69, Elmdale Road
- 70, Elmdale Road
- 71, Elmdale Road
- 73 ELMDALE ROAD
- 74 ELMDALE ROAD
- 75, Elmdale Road
- 76, Elmdale Road
- 77 Elmdale Road
- 79, Elmdale Road
- 84, Elmdale Road
- 86 Elmdale Road
- 87, Elmdale Road
Council tax
What each band costs in Dudley in 2026-27: Band D £2,145 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,430 | £1,668 | £1,907 | £2,145 | £2,621 | £3,098 | £3,575 | £4,290 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band C (43% of about 1,440 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Bourne Street, Coseley: up to 72 homes, not permissioned (100 m)
- Garage Site Between 92 And 106 Hurst Road Wolverhampton: up to 2 homes, permissioned (850 m (0.5 miles))
- Former Sons Of Rest, Hackett Close WV14 9SD, completed (880 m (0.5 miles))
- St Marys Church Gorge Road Wolverhampton WV14 9RH: up to 2 homes, permissioned (890 m (0.6 miles))
- Derelict House, 65, Vicarage Road West, Woodsetton, Dudley, DY1 4NP: up to 12 homes, permissioned (890 m (0.6 miles))
Roadworks
Finished in the last three months
- 1 September 2026 to 3 September 2026: SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE WATER, Utility repair and maintenance works, no carriageway incursion, on the footway (minor works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 3 addresses are in areas at high risk, 3 at medium risk and 17 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| WV14 9AR | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 2 / 10 | unlikely |
| WV14 9AU | not in 2 or 3 | 3 / 1 / 6 | unlikely |
| WV14 9LE | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 1 | unlikely |
| WV14 9AY | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 0 | unlikely |
Height above sea level
The street's 91 addresses are between 174 m and 186 m above sea level (178 m on average); the ground rises about 12 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WV14 9AR | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| WV14 9AU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| WV14 9AY | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| WV14 9LE | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Coseley 520,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) |
| Tipton 359,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 2.5 km (1.5 miles) | |
| Dudley Port 376,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 3.7 km (2.3 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 2 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 33 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Caddick Street Roseville | 210 m |
| Bus or coach station | Dudley Bus Station | 3.3 km (2.1 miles) |
| Car parks | Dudley Street Car Park | 1.6 km (1 mile) |
| EV charging points | 4 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest MFG Charging Station | 790 m (0.5 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Birmingham Airport BHX | 25.6 km (16 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 4 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Woodsetton Medical Centre | 130 m |
| Pharmacies | 7 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Woodsetton Pharmacy | 130 m |
| NHS dentists | 6 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Roseville Dental | 770 m (0.5 miles) |
| Hospital | Guest Hospital | 2.8 km (1.8 miles) |
| Police station | West Midlands Police - Sedgley Police Station | 1.7 km (1 mile) |
| Cash machines | 2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Barclays Bank Cash Machine | 730 m (0.5 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Silver Jubilee Park 4.6 ha | 500 m (0.3 miles) |
| Play area | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 170 m² | 400 m (0.2 miles) |
| Playing field | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest King George's Field 1,500 m² | 450 m (0.3 miles) |
| Allotments | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 3.1 ha | 420 m (0.3 miles) |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 2 parks and gardens, 5.0 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Lime working remains in Dudley, a scheduled monument, 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south. 6 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Lime working remains in Dudley | Scheduled monument | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south |
| Priory Park, Dudley | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 2.6 km (1.6 miles) south |
| Victoria Park, Tipton | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 2.9 km (1.8 miles) south-east |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Hursthill Wood | Wood | 630 m (0.4 miles) north-west |
| Parkes Hall Pool | Lake or reservoir | 650 m (0.4 miles) south |
| The Gorge | Valley | 1 km (0.6 miles) north-west |
| Mons Hill | Hill | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) south |
| Rounds Hill | Hill | 1.4 km (0.8 miles) east |
| Sedgley Beacon | Hill | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) north-west |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 11.6 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.6 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 11.6 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 2 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 89 | 91 |
2 of the street's 91 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Dudley: see them on the Dudley page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bramford Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 420 m (0.3 miles) | No published inspection |
| Hurst Hill Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 560 m (0.3 miles) | Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Beacon Hill Academy | Secondary | 11–16 | 920 m (0.6 miles) | Good (May 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Manor Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) | Outstanding (Dec 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| The Dormston School | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Good (Jun 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Queen Victoria Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Expected standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Strong standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| St Chad's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Good (May 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Foxyards Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | Good (Nov 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Wrens Nest Primary School | Primary | 2–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Report card (May 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Strong standard; Achievement: Expected standard; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Strong standard; Inclusion: Strong standard; Leadership and governance: Expected standard; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Christ Church CofE Primary School Church of England | Primary | 3–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | Report card (Mar 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met |
| Cotwall End Primary School | Primary | 5–11 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | No published inspection |
| Wallbrook Primary Academy | Primary | 3–11 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) | Good (Oct 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Island Court WV14 9HN | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 110 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| The Brook Inn DY3 1AF | Pub/bar/nightclub | 130 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| One Stop WV14 9HR | Retailers - other | 140 m | 5 Very good | 18 Feb 2025 |
| Coseley Tavern WV14 9QY | Pub/bar/nightclub | 310 m | 4 Good | 2 Mar 2020 |
| The Cottage Spring DY3 1AD | Pub/bar/nightclub | 350 m | 5 Very good | 5 Dec 2023 |
| Golden City DY1 4JN | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 390 m | 3 Generally satisfactory | 29 Jul 2025 |
| Coluccis Chopshop DY1 4JN | Pub/bar/nightclub | 390 m | 4 Good | 14 Jun 2021 |
| Bramford Stores DY1 4JN | Retailers - other | 400 m (0.2 miles) | 4 Good | 19 Sep 2023 |
| Bramford Primary School Kitchen WV14 9TU | School/college/university | 410 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 16 Dec 2024 |
| Coseley Ex-Servicemens WV14 9JX | Pub/bar/nightclub | 470 m (0.3 miles) | 4 Good | 17 Dec 2019 |
| Bramford Arms DY1 4JH | Pub/bar/nightclub | 480 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 4 Feb 2022 |
| Park Lane Care DY3 1AB | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 480 m (0.3 miles) | 3 Generally satisfactory | 18 Sep 2026 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Shoplifting | 39 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 24 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 14 |
| Public order | 9 |
| Vehicle crime | 8 |
| Burglary | 4 |
| Other crime | 3 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 3 |
| Possession of weapons | 3 |
| Other theft | 2 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
| Theft from the person | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Glenfern Road (47); On or near Bond Street (13); On or near Bourne Street (12); On or near Maple Close (12); On or near Coppice Road (11).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 48 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 15% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 24% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 87% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 56% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 3% | 17% |
| Private rented | 10% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 59% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 4% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 28% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 3% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 20% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 69% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 3% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 5% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 4% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 79% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 4% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 21% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 20% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 9% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 98% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | under 1% | 2% |
Deprivation
The 2 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 2 to 8 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- WV14 9AR: 44 addresses of 45 in the postcode
- WV14 9AU: 44 addresses of 45 in the postcode
- WV14 9LE: 2 addresses of 25 in the postcode
- WV14 9AY: 1 address of 42 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Tulip Avenue · Andersleigh Drive · Bourne Street · Ellenvale Close · Glenfern Road · Dalwood Close · Bond Street · Hockley Road · Fern Close · Cedar Avenue · Coppice Road · King Street
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.