Lawrence Road Telford
35 addresses across 4 postcodes (TF1), about 250 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 45201035.
- Sales: 2 recorded sales since 1995; in 2018 the median was £93,000 across 1 sale.
- Prices and rents: A typical home in Telford and Wrekin cost £221,853 in August 2026 (+1.2% on a year); private rents averaged £861 a month.
- Energy: 30 homes have an energy certificate (B: 4, C: 17, D: 8, E: 1).
- Flood: 5 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Recorded floods: No recorded flood covers the centre of any of its postcodes.
- Coal mining: It is in a coalfield, in a low risk area.
- Storm overflows: 2 storm overflows within 1 km (0.6 miles) spilled 13 times (32 hours) in 2025.
- Energy projects: 1 renewable energy project nearby is planned or being built; the nearest, Princess Royal Hospital, Grainger Drive - Solar PV Panels, is 1.8 km (1.1 miles) away.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band A; Band D in Telford and Wrekin costs £2,256 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Wellington (Shropshire), about 940 m (0.6 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 220 m away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 6.3 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.9 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 91 to 93 m above sea level.
- Noise: 4 of its 35 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Wellington Medical Practice, about 1.1 km (0.7 miles) away.
- People: About 290 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 23% of households owned their home and 15% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 82 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
- Road safety: No collisions in which someone was hurt were reported on and around it in 2021 to 2025.
£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on Lawrence Road: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home
House sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 1 | £93,000 | £93,000 | £93,000 |
| 1996 | 1 | £38,000 | £38,000 | £38,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 Jun 2018 | 23 TF1 2AP | Semi-detached | £93,000 | |
| 29 Apr 1996 | 29 TF1 2AP | Semi-detached | £38,000 |
House prices and rents in Telford and Wrekin
A typical home in Telford and Wrekin cost £221,853 in August 2026, 1.2% more than a year before. That is 19% more than five years earlier and 53% more than ten years earlier.
| Home | Typical price, Aug 2026 |
|---|---|
| Detached | £345,093 |
| Semi-detached | £204,213 |
| Terraced | £175,240 |
| Flat or maisonette | £98,929 |
| Bought by a first-time buyer | £189,436 |
Private renters in Telford and Wrekin paid £861 a month on average in September 2026, 6.3% more than a year before. That is 33% more than five years earlier.
| Home | Average rent a month, Sep 2026 |
|---|---|
| One bedroom | £599 |
| Two bedrooms | £771 |
| Three bedrooms | £955 |
| Four or more bedrooms | £1,356 |
Energy performance certificates
30 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 64 m². Most common: Bungalow, detached (16); Bungalow, semi-detached (12); Bungalow, end-terrace (1). Built: 1967-1975 (15); 1950-1966 (8); 1976-1982 (4). Tenure at assessment: rented (social) (26); owner-occupied (4).
Each home's certificates and sales (30 addresses)
- 1 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 2, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 3 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 4, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 6 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 7 LAWRENCE ROAD, WELLINGTON, TELFORD
- 8 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 9 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 10 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 11, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 12, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 13 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 14 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 15 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 16 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 17 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 18, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 19 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 20 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 21, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 22, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 23, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 24 LAWRENCE ROAD, WELLINGTON, TELFORD
- 26 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 27 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 28, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 29 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 30, Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 31 Lawrence Road, Wellington
- 32 Lawrence Road, Wellington
Gas and electricity use
Homes with gas used 8,746 kWh of it on average in 2024, 14% less than the district's 10,182 kWh, and 2,779 kWh of electricity, 5% less than the district's 2,910 kWh. There are gas meters for about 100% of the homes.
| Postcode | Electricity meters | Typical electricity | Gas meters | Typical gas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TF1 2AP | 16 | 2,192 kWh | 16 | 9,120 kWh |
| TF1 2AW | 9 | 1,853 kWh | 10 | 9,042 kWh |
| TF1 2AN | 7 | 2,346 kWh | 7 | 8,182 kWh |
| TF1 2AS | 38 | 2,401 kWh | 39 | 8,368 kWh |
These are all the homes on each postcode, whatever their size and however many live in them, so they show the kind of homes and heating here rather than what any one home uses. The typical figure is the median: half the homes used less. The district is TF1.
Council tax
What each band costs in Telford and Wrekin in 2026-27: Band D £2,256 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,504 | £1,755 | £2,006 | £2,256 | £2,758 | £3,259 | £3,760 | £4,513 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band A (35% of about 850 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Orleton Park, Orleton Lane, Wellington, Telford, Shropshire: up to 165 homes, permissioned (330 m)
- Site of The Vineyard, North Road, Wellington, Telford, Shropshire: up to 14 homes, permissioned (730 m (0.5 miles))
- Westmount, Bridge Road, Wellington, Telford, Shropshire TF1 1DZ: up to 8 homes, permissioned (780 m (0.5 miles))
- Site of Peter Morris Cars, Wellington, Telford, Shropshire: up to 14 homes, permissioned (830 m (0.5 miles))
Energy projects nearby
2 energy projects near the street's postcodes, 1 of them not yet operating.
| Project | Kind | Size | Stage | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Royal Hospital, Grainger Drive - Solar PV Panels Telford and Wrekin TWC/2026/0269 | Solar farm | 2.1 MW | Permission granted, not yet built Jun 2026 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| Candles/Coalmoor Landfill | Landfill Gas | 2.9 MW | Operational Oct 2005 | 4.3 km (2.7 miles) |
Planned projects can change or not go ahead; search the planning authority's applications by the reference shown for the plans, conditions and any objections. Construction brings traffic for some months; once built, solar farms and batteries are usually quiet, while turbines and waste plants can be seen or heard further away.
Roadworks
Finished in the last three months
- 9 October 2026 to 12 October 2026: SEVERN TRENT WATER, Utility repair and maintenance works, give and take, on the footway (immediate - urgent works)
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 1 address is in areas at high risk, 4 at medium risk and 19 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| TF1 2AP | not in 2 or 3 | 1 / 0 / 10 | unlikely |
| TF1 2AW | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 4 / 6 | unlikely |
| TF1 2AN | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 2 | unlikely |
| TF1 2AS | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 0 / 1 | unlikely |
Recorded floods
No recorded flood covers the centre of any of this street's postcodes.
Recorded floods are where floodwater was seen or surveyed after a flood. Many floods were never mapped, an outline over a postcode's centre does not mean every home in it flooded, and homes outside one may have. Ask the seller whether the home itself has flooded.
Coastal erosion
No projected coastal erosion zone is within 1 km (0.6 miles) of the street's postcodes.
Storm overflows
2 storm overflows within 1 km (0.6 miles) of the street's postcodes spilled 13 times, for 32 hours in all, in 2025. They discharge into Tributary of River Tern.
| Overflow | Into | Spills | Hours | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wellington - Gas Works Cso Severn Trent Water | Tributary of River Tern | 0 | 0 | 580 m (0.4 miles) |
| Wellington - Morrisons Cso Severn Trent Water | Tributary of River Tern | 13 | 32 | 580 m (0.4 miles) |
A storm overflow lets sewage diluted with rainwater into a river, stream or the sea when heavy rain overwhelms the sewers, so the spills here affect the water they run into, not homes. A spill is counted the regulators' way: a first 12 hours, then each 24 hours it goes on.
Coal mining
4 of the street's 4 postcodes are in a coalfield, in a low risk area: coal was mined in the area, but no workings shallow enough to matter for building are recorded.
Conveyancers usually still order a coal mining search (CON29M) for a home in a coalfield.
Radon
Every 1 km square the street's postcodes are in is in the lowest band of radon potential: fewer than 1 home in 100 is estimated to be at or above the Action Level. It is not a radon Affected Area.
Historic landfill
No historic landfill site is within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the street's postcodes.
Height above sea level
The street's 35 addresses are between 91 m and 93 m above sea level (92 m on average).
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TF1 2AN | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| TF1 2AP | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| TF1 2AS | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| TF1 2AW | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Wellington (Shropshire) 676,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 940 m (0.6 miles) |
| Oakengates 72,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 5.5 km (3.4 miles) | |
| Telford Central 1.2 million journeys in 2024–25 | 6.5 km (4 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 1 stop within 400 m (0.2 miles), 25 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Powder Lane Wellington | 400 m (0.2 miles) |
| Bus or coach station | Bus Station Wellington | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| Car parks | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Morrisons Car Park - Wellington | 540 m (0.3 miles) |
| EV charging points | 1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest MFG Charging Station | 590 m (0.4 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Birmingham Airport BHX | 59.7 km (37 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 1 practice within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Wellington Medical Practice Good Feb 2025 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Morrisons Pharmacy | 520 m (0.3 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 5 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Dental Surgery | 740 m (0.5 miles) |
| Hospital | Princess Royal Hospital Requires improvement Aug 2026 | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) |
| Care homes | 2 homes within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest The Priory Nursing and Residential Home Good Jan 2020 | 470 m (0.3 miles) |
| Police station | Wellington Police Station | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| Cash machines | Nisa - Red Lion Service Station, Wellington Cashzone | 910 m (0.6 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 8,010 m² | 220 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Unnamed 9,040 m² | 250 m |
| Play area | 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 210 m² | 240 m |
| Playing field | 3 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.9 ha | 300 m |
| Allotments | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 620 m² | 320 m |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 4 parks and gardens, 2.8 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Gazebo East of Orleton Hall, a listed building (Grade II*), 660 m (0.4 miles) south-west. 35 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 3 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Gazebo East of Orleton Hall | Listed building, Grade II* | 660 m (0.4 miles) south-west |
| Orleton Hall | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 790 m (0.5 miles) south-west |
| Orleton Hall | Listed building, Grade II* | 810 m (0.5 miles) west |
| Church of All Saints | Listed building, Grade II* | 910 m (0.6 miles) east |
| Ironbridge Gorge | World Heritage Site | 9.2 km (5.7 miles) south-east |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Grove Covert | Wood | 1 km (0.6 miles) south-west |
| Sir William's Covert | Wood | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) west |
| The Barn Garden Plantation | Wood | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) west |
| Tee Lake | Lake or reservoir | 1.4 km (0.8 miles) north |
| Lawrence's Hill | Hill | 2.2 km (1.4 miles) south |
| The Dingle | Valley | 2.3 km (1.4 miles) west |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 6.3 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 5.9 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 10.0 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 4 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 31 | 35 |
4 of the street's 35 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Telford and Wrekin: see them on the Telford and Wrekin page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection | Exam results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Patrick's Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 3–11 | 700 m (0.4 miles) | No published inspection | 66% at the expected standard in reading, writing and maths, 6% at the higher standard (2025; 69% in 2024 and 63% in 2023) |
| Wrekin View Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 810 m (0.5 miles) | No published inspection | 67% at the expected standard in reading, writing and maths, 19% at the higher standard (2025; 83% in 2024 and 80% in 2023) |
| Dothill Primary School | Primary | 5–11 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | No published inspection | 58% at the expected standard in reading, writing and maths, 3% at the higher standard (2025; 61% in 2024 and 69% in 2023) |
| Ercall Wood Academy | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | No overall grade (Jan 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good | GCSE 2026 (provisional): Attainment 8 45.9 (42.5 in 2025 and 40.5 in 2024); 40.4% grade 5+ in English and maths |
| Charlton School | Secondary | 11–16 | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) | Report card (Apr 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Expected standard; Personal development and wellbeing: Expected standard; Inclusion: Needs attention; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Safeguarding standards: Met | GCSE 2026 (provisional): Attainment 8 44.9 (42.7 in 2025 and 38.5 in 2024); 39.8% grade 5+ in English and maths |
| Short Wood Primary School | Primary | 3–11 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | No published inspection | None published |
Exam results are from the Department for Education's school performance tables (Explore Education Statistics, Open Government Licence), for all pupils at each school. The middle school in England had 63% at the expected standard at the end of primary school (2025), Attainment 8 of 46.0 at GCSE (2026) and an A level average of C+ (2025). Attainment 8 adds up a pupil's grades in eight GCSEs, with English and maths counted twice (90 is the most), averaged over the school's pupils. Progress 8 compares pupils with others who had the same results at the end of primary school; it is not published for GCSEs in 2025 and 2026, as those pupils sat no primary tests during the pandemic. Small year groups swing from year to year, and figures for very small ones are withheld.
Nurseries and childcare
6 nurseries, pre-schools and clubs within 1.5 km (0.9 miles), the nearest 600 m (0.4 miles) from the middle of the street.
| Provider | Kind | Places | Latest inspection | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Little Seeds Telford TF1 1QX | Full day care | 39 | Not inspected yet | 600 m (0.4 miles) |
| Church Street Day Nursery TF1 1DA | Full day care | 110 | Good (Jan 2025, overall grade under the previous framework) | 880 m (0.5 miles) |
| Tortoise Nursery TF1 2EH | Full day care | 42 | Outstanding (Mar 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) | 930 m (0.6 miles) |
| Honeybuns Day Nursery TF1 3DS | Full day care | 128 | Good (Dec 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Dothill Pre-School and Childcare TF1 3JB | Full day care | 32 | Good (Jan 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) |
| Kings Camps TF1 3BH | Out-of-school day care (over fives) | Not inspected yet | 1.3 km (0.8 miles) |
Ofsted also registers 72 childminders and 7 home childcarers (nannies) in Telford and Wrekin. It does not publish their addresses, so they cannot be shown here; the council's family information service lists those taking children.
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golden House TF1 2AA | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 160 m | 5 Very good | 23 Feb 2026 |
| Jubilee Stores TF1 2AA | Retailers - other | 210 m | 5 Very good | 1 May 2025 |
| Keys Group TF1 3DA | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 390 m | Awaiting inspection | |
| Bowring Park Cafe TF1 2BJ | Restaurant/Cafe/Canteen | 460 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 7 Apr 2026 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 37 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 15 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 9 |
| Other theft | 4 |
| Public order | 4 |
| Robbery | 3 |
| Drugs | 3 |
| Other crime | 2 |
| Vehicle crime | 2 |
| Burglary | 1 |
| Possession of weapons | 1 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Hollies Road (17); On or near West Road (9); On or near Woodlands Avenue (7); On or near Montgomery Road (7); On or near Clift Crescent (7).
Road safety
No collisions in which someone was hurt were reported on and around the street in 2021 to 2025.
Only collisions in which someone was hurt and which the police were told about are here: damage-only collisions and near misses are not, and some injuries are never reported. Positions are recorded by the police, usually to within a few metres. Each year's figures are published the following September.
Traffic on nearby roads
No traffic count point is within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the street's postcodes. The Department for Transport counts every motorway and A road and only a sample of minor roads, so a quiet residential street usually has none.
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 44 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 18% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 24% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 23% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 10% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | 0% | 1% |
| Social rented | 63% | 17% |
| Private rented | 12% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 44% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 5% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 26% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | 16% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 21% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 62% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 2% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 5% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 6% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 73% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 9% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 15% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 32% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 5% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 88% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 2% | 2% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 3 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
- Roadworks Street works permit: SEVERN TRENT WATER: Utility repair and maintenance works, 9 October 2026 to 12 October 2026 (give and take) found 3 November 2026
Postcodes on this street
- TF1 2AP: 17 addresses of 18 in the postcode
- TF1 2AW: 10 addresses of 11 in the postcode
- TF1 2AN: 7 addresses
- TF1 2AS: 1 address of 41 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Atlas Grove · Orwell Crescent · Woodlands Avenue · Steventon Road · Martin Road · Montgomery Road · Orleton Lane · Cranage Crescent · Hall Meadow · Portia Close · George Place · Addison Road
All the streets in TF1 and across Telford and Wrekin.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported; road collisions count only those in which someone was hurt and the police were told.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.