Leicester Close Wallsend, North Tyneside

54 addresses across 4 postcodes (NE28), about 300 m long, classed as a local road. USRN 28311100.

  • Sales: 62 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £166,000 across 1 sale.
  • Energy: 24 homes have an energy certificate (B: 1, C: 3, D: 10, E: 8, F: 2).
  • Flood: 32 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
  • Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band C; Band D in North Tyneside costs £2,462 a year in 2026-27.
  • Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 100% of premises.
  • Transport: The nearest railway station is Manors, about 5.5 km (3.4 miles) away in a straight line.
  • Green space: There is a small park or garden about 290 m away, and Rising Sun Country Park (179 hectares) is about 300 m away.
  • Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 11.0 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 6.2 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
  • Height: Its addresses are 46 to 48 m above sea level.
  • Noise: 27 of its 54 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
  • Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is The Village Green Surgery, about 1.8 km (1.1 miles) away.
  • People: About 570 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 82% of households owned their home and 23% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
  • Crime: 87 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often shoplifting.

£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on Leicester Close: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home

Sales on this street

Source: HM Land Registry Price Paid Data, sales registered up to 28 August 2026, loaded 28 October 2026. Sales reach the register two weeks to two months after completion, so the last two months are incomplete. Matched by postcode and street name.

Sales by year (standard sales only; repossessions and buy-to-let transfers excluded)
YearSalesMedian priceLowestHighest
20251£166,000£166,000£166,000
20242£155,750£98,500£213,000
20231£169,950£169,950£169,950
20211£129,950£129,950£129,950
20203£192,000£127,500£200,000
20193£76,500£76,000£99,000
20172£195,000£195,000£195,000
20152£152,500£132,000£173,000
20131£102,000£102,000£102,000
20121£85,000£85,000£85,000
20111£100,700£100,700£100,700
20073£128,000£90,500£128,000
Most recent sales (latest 50 of 62)
DateAddressTypePriceNotes
15 May 202530 NE28 9YYTerraced£166,000
20 Dec 20245 NE28 9YZDetached£250,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
12 Dec 202423 NE28 9YYSemi-detached£213,000Leasehold.
23 Aug 202412 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£98,500Leasehold.
23 Jun 202337 NE28 9YYTerraced£169,950
6 Aug 202137 NE28 9YYTerraced£129,950
14 Oct 20205 NE28 9YZDetached£192,000Leasehold.
25 Sep 202050 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£200,000
15 May 20209 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£53,000Leasehold. Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
31 Jan 202030 NE28 9YYTerraced£127,500
29 Nov 201912 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£76,500Leasehold.
24 Oct 201915 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£76,000Leasehold.
29 Aug 201937 NE28 9YYTerraced£99,000
1 May 201938 NE28 9YYOther£5,650Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
19 May 201749 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£195,000
19 May 201749 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£195,000Leasehold.
30 Mar 201727 NE28 9YYOther£5,650Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer).
11 Dec 201539 NE28 9YYTerraced£132,000Leasehold.
26 Nov 20153 NE28 9YZSemi-detached£173,000Leasehold.
4 Oct 201330 NE28 9YYTerraced£102,000
10 Feb 201220 NE28 9YYTerraced£85,000Leasehold.
25 Jul 201116 NE28 9YYTerraced£100,700Leasehold.
7 Dec 200739 NE28 9YYTerraced£128,000
7 Dec 200739 NE28 9YYTerraced£128,000Leasehold.
7 Dec 200710 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£90,500Leasehold.
7 Jul 200637 NE28 9YYTerraced£124,700
16 Jun 200612 NE28 9YZSemi-detached£88,000Leasehold.
7 Jun 20063 NE28 9YZSemi-detached£169,000Leasehold.
7 Apr 20062 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£165,000Leasehold.
7 Apr 200610 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£89,950Leasehold.
31 Oct 200532 NE28 9YYTerraced£113,000
8 Jul 20059 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£89,950Leasehold.
31 Jan 200537 NE28 9YYTerraced£116,500
24 Sep 200451 NE28 9YXFlat or maisonette£185,000Leasehold.
14 Aug 200345 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£125,000Leasehold.
23 May 20039 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£62,000Leasehold.
9 Sep 200216 NE28 9YYTerraced£67,500Leasehold.
28 Jun 200233 NE28 9YYTerraced£60,000Leasehold.
31 Jan 200237 NE28 9YYTerraced£59,950
7 Dec 200130 NE28 9YYFlat or maisonette£57,000Leasehold.
15 Aug 20018 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£37,950Leasehold.
1 Jun 20014 NE28 9YZSemi-detached£77,950Leasehold.
30 Mar 200131 NE28 9YYTerraced£47,950Leasehold.
10 Nov 200011 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£35,000Leasehold.
26 May 20003 NE28 9YZSemi-detached£70,000Leasehold.
17 Mar 20008 NE28 9YZFlat or maisonette£31,500Leasehold.
10 Sep 199939 NE28 9YYTerraced£44,500Leasehold.
12 Feb 199936 NE28 9YYSemi-detached£48,950
23 Oct 199844 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£62,950Leasehold.
9 Mar 199846 NE28 9YXSemi-detached£66,000

Energy performance certificates

Source: Energy Performance of Buildings Register (MHCLG), register as at 1 November 2026. Latest certificate per address; certificates last ten years, so the oldest here dates from January 2010 and some homes have none. Address data © Ordnance Survey and Royal Mail, shown for understanding the energy efficiency of buildings only.

24 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 69 m². Most common: House, semi-detached (7); Flat (5); House, end-terrace (5). Built: 1967-1975 (18); 1950-1966 (4); 1976-1982 (2). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (17); rented (private) (4).

Each home's certificates and sales (24 addresses)

Council tax

What each band costs in North Tyneside in 2026-27: Band D £2,462 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.

ABCDEFGH
£1,641£1,915£2,188£2,462£3,009£3,556£4,103£4,924

Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band C (32% of about 1,300 homes).

Sources: Valuation Office Agency, Council Tax: stock of properties, homes at 31 March 2026 (counts rounded to the nearest 10), for the neighbourhood (census area of about 700 homes) around it, not just this street; Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, council tax levels 2026-27. Bands are charged as fixed shares of Band D; the actual bill depends on the parish and on discounts such as the single-person discount. Check a home's own band with the official council tax band checker.

Planning and heritage

  • Conservation area: no postcode centre in this street's postcodes is in one.
  • Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
  • Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
  • Green belt: no.

Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)

Source: planning.data.gov.uk (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), compiled from councils and, for listed buildings, Historic England's National Heritage List. Conservation areas, Article 4 directions, tree preservation areas and the green belt are checked at each postcode's centre. Listed buildings and protected trees are counted on or by this street. Councils publish Article 4 directions, tree preservation orders and brownfield registers to different standards, and some not yet. Planning applications are not here: there is no national open record of them yet.

Roadworks

Finished in the last three months

  • 7 September 2026 to 10 September 2026: NORTHUMBRIAN WATER, Utility repair and maintenance works, no carriageway incursion, on the footway (immediate - urgent works)

Source: Department for Transport, Street Manager open data, permits and works up to 31 October 2026. It is published once a month, so works arranged or started since then are not shown, and dates are the ones planned unless the works have started or finished. Emergency works are often permitted after they begin.

Flood risk

Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 10 addresses are in areas at high risk, 22 at medium risk and 10 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.

Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.

High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.

Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.

PostcodePlanning zoneAddresses at high / medium / low riskGroundwater
NE28 9YYnot in 2 or 3 7 / 10 / 1 unlikely
NE28 9YZnot in 2 or 3 0 / 4 / 0 unlikely
NE28 9YXnot in 2 or 3 0 / 0 / 0 unlikely
NE28 9YPnot in 2 or 3 3 / 8 / 9 unlikely

Sources: Environment Agency Flood risk: postcode search tool data (loaded 29 October 2026), Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea: postcodes in areas at risk (loaded 29 October 2026) and Flood Map for Planning (loaded 28 October 2026). Flood zones are checked at each postcode's centre point. These are models of areas, which their publishers say are not suitable for showing whether an individual property is at risk, and they do not cover flooding from sewers or drains. Check an address on the official long-term flood risk service.

© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2026. All rights reserved. Some features are based on digital spatial data from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, © NERC (CEH); the postcode data is produced in part from PAF® and Multiple Residence Data, © Royal Mail Group Limited.

Height above sea level

The street's 54 addresses are between 46 m and 48 m above sea level (47 m on average).

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Terrain 50, July 2026: the height of the ground on a 50 m grid, read at each address, in metres above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn). It is the lie of the land, not floor or threshold levels, and is accurate to a few metres. Being low-lying is not in itself a flood risk; the flood section above says what the flood maps show.

Broadband

Source: Ofcom Connected Nations, data as at January 2026. Percentages are of premises in each postcode that can get the service, not take-up or speed achieved.

Availability by postcode (% of premises)
PostcodeSuperfast (30 Mbit/s+)Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+)GigabitBelow 10 Mbit/s
NE28 9YP100%100%100%0%
NE28 9YX100%100%100%0%
NE28 9YY100%100%100%0%
NE28 9YZ100%100%100%0%

Getting around

Sources: Department for Transport, NaPTAN (every public transport stop), as at 31 October 2026; Office of Rail and Road, Estimates of station usage 2024–25 (which stations are on the National Rail network, and their journeys: entries and exits in the year to March); OurAirports (public domain, kept by volunteers); car parks and charging points from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings from Meta, Microsoft, Foursquare and others: not an official register, so some will be missing, private or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street, not routes, and say nothing about how often anything runs. Stations opened since the end of ORR's year appear when ORR publishes the next one, each December; heritage railways are left out.

NearestDistance
Railway stationsManors 64,000 journeys in 2024–255.5 km (3.4 miles)
Newcastle 11 million journeys in 2024–256.4 km (4 miles)
Heworth 46,000 journeys in 2024–256.4 km (4 miles)
Underground, metro or tramBenton (Tyne and Wear Metro Station)1.5 km (0.9 miles)
Palmersville (Tyne and Wear Metro Station)1.7 km (1.1 miles)
Bus stops9 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 31 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Station Road North-Hotspur Road Hadrian Lodge120 m
Bus or coach stationInterchange Four Lane Ends2 km (1.3 miles)
Ferry terminalNewcastle International Ferry Terminal Royal Quays6.4 km (4 miles)
Car parksThe Forum – Mscp Car Park2 km (1.3 miles)
EV charging pointsOsprey Charging Station2 km (1.2 miles)
Airport with scheduled flightsNewcastle International Airport NCL9.7 km (6 miles)

Local services

Sources: NHS Organisation Data Service, as at 31 October 2026: GP practices, community pharmacies and dental practices with an NHS contract, open now, each placed at the centre of its postcode; hospitals are NHS trust and Welsh health board sites named as hospitals, and may not have an emergency department. Police stations and cash machines from Overture Maps Foundation, release 2026-10-21.0, which gathers business listings: not an official register, so some will be missing or out of date. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street. Nothing here says whether a practice is taking new patients or a dentist new NHS patients.

NearestDistance
GP surgeriesThe Village Green Surgery1.8 km (1.1 miles)
Pharmacies2 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Coast Road Pharmacy1 km (0.7 miles)
NHS dentistsWallsend Dental Clinic1.8 km (1.1 miles)
HospitalWalkergate Park Hospital2.4 km (1.5 miles)
Police stationNorthumbria Police2.1 km (1.3 miles)
Cash machines2 machines within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Noble Convenience Store Cashzone440 m (0.3 miles)

Parks and green space

Source: Ordnance Survey, OS Open Greenspace, April 2026: public parks and gardens, play spaces, playing fields and allotments, with their entrances. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to a site's nearest entrance (or its edge where none is recorded), not walking routes; sizes are the area OS maps for each site. Some sites, such as school playing fields, may not be open to the public.

NearestDistance
Park or garden5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 1.3 ha290 m
Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles)Rising Sun Country Park 179 ha300 m
Play area1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 2,240 m²480 m (0.3 miles)
Playing fieldUnnamed 7.6 ha1.5 km (0.9 miles)
Allotments1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 530 m²780 m (0.5 miles)

Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 5 parks and gardens, 193 hectares in all.

Landmarks

The nearest historic landmark is Holy Cross Church and graveyard, Wallsend, a scheduled monument, 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south-east. 2 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles).

Historic places
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Holy Cross Church and graveyard, WallsendScheduled monument1.8 km (1.1 miles) south-east
Natural landmarks within 5 km (3.1 miles)
NameWhat it isFrom the middle of the street
Wallsend DeneValley1.8 km (1.1 miles) south-east
Willington GutTidal water3.2 km (2 miles) south-east
Jesmond DeneValley3.5 km (2.2 miles) south-west
CamperdownHill3.7 km (2.3 miles) north
Gosforth LakeLake or reservoir4.1 km (2.6 miles) north-west
Gosforth WoodWood4.4 km (2.7 miles) north-west

Sources: Historic England's registers through planning.data.gov.uk (MHCLG), and Cadw through DataMapWales (Welsh Government): World Heritage Sites within 10 km (6.2 miles), battlefields within 5 km (3.1 miles), registered parks and gardens within 3 km (1.9 miles), scheduled monuments within 2 km (1.2 miles), and Grade I and II* listed buildings within 1 km (0.6 miles). Ordnance Survey, OS Open Names, October 2026: named hills, valleys, lakes, woods, wetlands and coast (it has no rivers). Distances are in a straight line to the middle of each site, and being on a register does not mean there is public access.

Air quality

Source: Defra, modelled background air pollution, annual means for 2024, for the 1 km square that holds the middle of the street. These are background levels, away from the kerb: beside a busy road nitrogen dioxide in particular can be several times higher. UK limits are the legal annual limits for England and Wales; the World Health Organization's 2021 guidelines are much stricter, and most towns and cities are above them.

Annual means in µg/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre of air)
PollutantHereUK limitWHO guideline
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)11.04010
Fine particles (PM2.5)6.2205
Particles (PM10)10.04015

All three are within the UK legal limits; nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 are above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.

Road, rail and aircraft noise

Source: Defra, strategic noise mapping Round 4 (England), modelled for 2021 and published in December 2023, and its airport maps of the same round for the fifteen largest English airports, published in April 2026: Lden, the average sound level over a whole day with extra weight for the evening and night, on a 10 m grid, read at each address. These are models of traffic, not measurements; they leave out smaller airports and airfields, industry and neighbours, and a room at the back of a house is often much quieter than the front. The World Health Organization's guidelines are 53 dB for road traffic, 54 dB for railways and 45 dB for aircraft (below the lowest level shown here).

Addresses by modelled noise level (Lden, dB)
LevelRoad trafficRailwaysAircraft
65 to 69100
60 to 64800
55 to 591800
Under 55275454

27 of the street's 54 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.

Climate, daylight and earthquakes

Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for North Tyneside: see them on the North Tyneside page.

Nearest schools

Source: Get Information About Schools (Department for Education), 4 November 2026; Ofsted monthly management information as at September 2026. Distances are straight lines from the middle of the street to the school; catchments and admissions are not shown. Since November 2025 Ofsted gives report-card grades by area, not one overall grade; older grades stand until a school is re-inspected.

SchoolPhaseAgesDistanceInspection
Wallsend Jubilee Primary SchoolPrimary3–11450 m (0.3 miles) No published inspection
Redesdale Primary SchoolPrimary3–11490 m (0.3 miles) No published inspection
St Bernadette's Catholic Primary, Wallsend Roman CatholicPrimary3–11790 m (0.5 miles) No published inspection
St Columba's Catholic Primary School, Wallsend Roman CatholicPrimary3–111.4 km (0.9 miles) No published inspection
Forest Hall Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.7 km (1.1 miles) Report card (Jun 2026): Curriculum and teaching: Needs attention; Achievement: Needs attention; Attendance and behaviour: Needs attention; Personal development and wellbeing: Needs attention; Inclusion: Expected standard; Leadership and governance: Needs attention; Early years: Expected standard; Safeguarding standards: Met
Battle Hill Primary SchoolPrimary2–111.8 km (1.1 miles) No published inspection
Western Community Primary SchoolPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) Good (Apr 2024, overall grade under the previous framework)
St Bartholomew's Church of England Primary School (Aided)Primary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) No published inspection
St Stephen's Catholic Primary School, Newcastle Roman CatholicPrimary3–111.9 km (1.2 miles) No published inspection

Food hygiene ratings nearby

Source: Food Standards Agency, Food Hygiene Rating Scheme, extract of 4 November 2026. Each rating is shown with the date it was given; a business may have been re-inspected since the extract. Within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the middle of the street.

BusinessTypeDistanceRatingRated
Nobles NE28 9HARetailers - other430 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good25 Jan 2024
Wallsend Jubilee Primary School NE28 9HASchool/college/university460 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good6 May 2026
The Powder Monkey NE28 8TUPub/bar/nightclub490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good4 Sep 2025
Good Time Childcare At Redesdale NE28 8TSHospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good5 Oct 2026
Redesdale Primary School NE28 8TSSchool/college/university490 m (0.3 miles)5 Very good7 Jun 2024

Crime within 250 m

Source: data.police.uk street-level crime, September 2025 to August 2026. Police forces move every crime to the nearest of about 760,000 anonymised map points before publishing, so these are crimes near this street, not on it, and a busy point can collect crimes from a wider area. Counts are of records, not convictions.

87 recorded crimes by category
CategoryCrimes
Shoplifting25
Anti-social behaviour24
Violence and sexual offences14
Vehicle crime5
Other theft4
Burglary4
Public order3
Other crime2
Robbery1
Theft from the person1
Criminal damage and arson1
Bicycle theft1
Drugs1
Possession of weapons1

Most of these are attached to: On or near Mackley Court (34); On or near Exeter Road (15); On or near Leicester Close (12); On or near Sydney Grove (11); On or near Hardy Grove (6).

People and work

Source: ONS Census 2021, taken on 21 March 2021, for the 2 Output Areas (small census areas of about 125 households each) that this street's postcodes are in: 572 residents in 258 households. The census was taken during a lockdown, so working from home is high and travel to work low compared with now. ONS swaps a few records between neighbouring areas and adds small amounts of noise to counts to protect privacy, so small differences mean little. Industry is not published for areas this small.

Who lives here

Around this streetEngland
Median age5140
Children under 1513%17%
Aged 65 and over22%18%

Homes

Around this streetEngland
Owned (outright or with a mortgage)82%61%
Owned outright46%33%
Shared ownership0%1%
Social rented10%17%
Private rented8%21%

Work and commuting

Around this streetEngland
Adults (16 and over) in work59%57%
Unemployment (of those working or looking for work)6%6%
Retired (of adults)27%22%
Long-term sick or disabled (of adults)3%4%
Work mainly from home (of those in work)29%32%
Travel to work by car or van58%48%
By train, Underground, metro or tram1%4%
By any public transport, including bus6%8%
On foot or by bicycle5%10%
Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work)81%65%
Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away5%8%

Education and languages

Around this streetEngland
Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults)23%34%
No qualifications16%18%
Apprenticeship as highest qualification11%5%
Main language English (aged 3 and over)100%91%
Cannot speak English well or at allunder 1%2%

Deprivation

The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 8 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.

Source: English Indices of Deprivation 2025 (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government), by LSOA (about 1,500 people), through the ONS Postcode Directory. The index combines income, employment, health, education, crime, housing and living environment; it ranks areas against each other and does not describe any one household. Ranks in England and Wales are worked out separately and cannot be compared.

What has changed

Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.

Everything that has changed on and near this street

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Postcodes on this street

Source: ONS Postcode Directory August 2026, ONS UPRN Directory September 2026, OS Open Linked Identifiers September 2026. A postcode can cover more than one street; the share shows how many of its addresses are on this one.

Nearby streets

Sunholme Drive · Hotspur Road · Low Gardens · Hardy Grove · Wharfedale · Furrow Drive · Mackley Court · Edge Way · Coverdale · Rising Sun Court · Swaledale · Moor Drive

All the streets in NE28 and across North Tyneside.

What this page cannot tell you

  • Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
  • What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
  • How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
  • Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
  • Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
  • How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
  • Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
  • How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.

How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.