Pewley Hill Guildford
73 addresses across 9 postcodes (GU1), about 750 m (0.5 miles) long, classed as a local road. USRN 16001415.
- Sales: 93 recorded sales since 1995; in 2026 the median was £1,500,000 across 1 sale.
- Energy: 43 homes have an energy certificate (A: 1, B: 8, C: 6, D: 17, E: 9, F: 2).
- Flood: No address on its postcodes is in an area at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band G; Band D in Guildford costs £2,547 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 36% to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is London Road (Guildford), about 1 km (0.6 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden, Pewley Down Nature Reserve, is about 90 m away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 9.5 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 7.1 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 62 to 116 m above sea level.
- Noise: 3 of its 73 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is St. Luke's Surgery, about 540 m (0.3 miles) away, with 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile).
- People: About 1,480 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 66% of households owned their home and 67% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 3 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often burglary.
£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on Pewley Hill: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home
Sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 1 | £1,500,000 | £1,500,000 | £1,500,000 |
| 2025 | 2 | £1,700,000 | £1,350,000 | £2,050,000 |
| 2024 | 2 | £1,800,000 | £1,650,000 | £1,950,000 |
| 2023 | 4 | £1,930,000 | £857,500 | £2,600,000 |
| 2022 | 2 | £1,455,000 | £935,000 | £1,975,000 |
| 2021 | 1 | £1,610,000 | £1,610,000 | £1,610,000 |
| 2019 | 6 | £1,350,000 | £629,000 | £2,085,000 |
| 2017 | 3 | £1,250,000 | £1,180,000 | £1,695,000 |
| 2016 | 3 | £1,475,000 | £897,000 | £2,175,000 |
| 2015 | 5 | £1,275,000 | £650,180 | £1,575,000 |
| 2014 | 3 | £1,290,000 | £705,000 | £1,900,000 |
| 2013 | 3 | £885,000 | £735,000 | £1,475,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 Aug 2026 | 28 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,500,000 | |
| 25 Nov 2025 | 12 GU1 3SQ | Detached | £2,050,000 | |
| 8 Apr 2025 | 27 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £1,350,000 | |
| 2 Sep 2024 | GUILDFORD P R U GU1 3SQ | Other | £2,727,394 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 12 Jul 2024 | 59 GU1 3SW | Detached | £1,950,000 | |
| 22 Mar 2024 | 49 GU1 3SW | Detached | £1,650,000 | |
| 20 Dec 2023 | 1 GU1 3SQ | Terraced | £857,500 | |
| 21 Sep 2023 | 4 GU1 3SQ | Detached | £2,600,000 | |
| 11 Aug 2023 | 27 GU1 3SN | Other | £1,292,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 12 May 2023 | 19 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,360,000 | |
| 20 Jan 2023 | 48 GU1 3SP | Detached | £2,500,000 | |
| 4 Oct 2022 | 5 GU1 3SQ | Semi-detached | £935,000 | |
| 23 Sep 2022 | 6 GU1 3SQ | Detached | £1,975,000 | |
| 6 May 2022 | GUILDFORD P R U GU1 3SQ | Other | £2,550,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 30 Sep 2021 | NEWLANDS COTTAGE, 41 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,610,000 | |
| 27 Sep 2019 | 48 GU1 3SP | Detached | £2,085,000 | |
| 9 Aug 2019 | 57 GU1 3SW | Detached | £1,400,000 | |
| 9 Aug 2019 | 19 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,150,000 | |
| 26 Jul 2019 | 14A GU1 3SQ | Detached | £1,300,000 | |
| 10 Jul 2019 | THE LAURELS, PEWLEY POINT GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,405,000 | |
| 13 Jun 2019 | 1 GU1 3SQ | Terraced | £629,000 | |
| 18 May 2018 | 39 GU1 3SN | Detached | £2,046,000 | Not a standard sale (repossession, buy-to-let or transfer). |
| 12 Oct 2017 | 30 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,695,000 | |
| 25 Jul 2017 | 43 GU1 3SW | Detached | £1,180,000 | |
| 2 Jun 2017 | INNER COURT GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,250,000 | |
| 16 Dec 2016 | 56 GU1 3SP | Detached | £2,175,000 | |
| 27 Jan 2016 | 27 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £897,000 | |
| 8 Jan 2016 | 9A GU1 3SQ | Detached | £1,475,000 | |
| 20 Nov 2015 | 26 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,275,000 | |
| 25 Sep 2015 | 32 GU1 3SN | Detached | £650,180 | |
| 11 Aug 2015 | 46 GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,575,000 | |
| 9 Jul 2015 | PEWLEY FORT GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,425,000 | |
| 10 Apr 2015 | HERET HOUSE, PEWLEY POINT GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,100,000 | |
| 20 Jun 2014 | 55 GU1 3SW | Detached | £1,290,000 | |
| 19 Jun 2014 | 50 GU1 3SP | Detached | £1,900,000 | New build. |
| 13 Mar 2014 | 25 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £705,000 | |
| 3 Dec 2013 | 29 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £735,000 | |
| 24 Nov 2013 | 36 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,475,000 | |
| 11 Nov 2013 | 9 GU1 3SQ | Detached | £885,000 | |
| 21 Dec 2012 | 37 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £600,000 | |
| 9 Dec 2011 | 17 GU1 3SN | Detached | £860,000 | |
| 2 Dec 2011 | 31 GU1 3SN | Semi-detached | £765,000 | |
| 14 Oct 2010 | 34 GU1 3SN | Detached | £1,050,000 | |
| 31 Mar 2010 | 36 GU1 3SN | Detached | £950,000 | |
| 31 Jul 2009 | 9 GU1 3SQ | Detached | £860,000 | |
| 15 Apr 2009 | 19 GU1 3SN | Detached | £690,000 | |
| 26 Jan 2009 | GREENBANKS, PEWLEY POINT GU1 3SP | Detached | £750,000 | |
| 25 Apr 2008 | 9A GU1 3SQ | Detached | £755,000 | |
| 27 Mar 2008 | 47 GU1 3SW | Detached | £875,000 | |
| 23 Oct 2007 | 13A GU1 3SN | Flat or maisonette | £393,000 | Leasehold. |
Energy performance certificates
43 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 211 m². Most common: House, detached (31); House, semi-detached (8); House, mid-terrace (2). Built: 1900-1929 (14); before 1900 (6); 1967-1975 (5). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (28); rented (private) (1).
Each home's certificates and sales (43 addresses)
- 1 Pewley Hill
- 2 Pewley Hill
- 3, Pewley Hill
- 4 Pewley Hill
- 5 Pewley Hill
- 6, Pewley Hill
- 9, Pewley Hill
- 9a, Pewley Hill
- 12 Pewley Hill
- 13, Pewley Hill
- 13a Pewley Hill
- 14a, Pewley Hill
- 17, Pewley Hill
- 19, Pewley Hill
- 20 Pewley Hill
- 25, Pewley Hill
- 26, Pewley Hill
- 27, Pewley Hill
- 28 Pewley Hill
- 29, Pewley Hill
- 30, Pewley Hill
- 31, Pewley Hill
- 32, Pewley Hill
- 34, Pewley Hill
- 36, Pewley Hill
- 37, Pewley Hill
- 38, Pewley Hill
- 39, Pewley Hill
- 41, Pewley Hill
- 43 PEWLEY HILL
- 46, Pewley Hill
- 48, Pewley Hill
- 49 Pewley Hill
- 50, Pewley Hill
- 52 Pewley Hill
- 53 Pewley Hill
- 55 Pewley Hill
- 56, Pewley Hill
- 57, Pewley Hill
- 59 Pewley Hill
- Highbrook, 45 Pewley Hill
- INNER COURT, PEWLEY HILL, GUILDFORD
- Pewley Fort, Pewley Hill
Council tax
What each band costs in Guildford in 2026-27: Band D £2,547 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,698 | £1,981 | £2,264 | £2,547 | £3,113 | £3,679 | £4,246 | £5,095 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhoods around this street: most are in band G (25% of about 1,740 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: yes, Guildford Town Centre (council page). Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: 4.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Listed buildings
- 1 AND 1A, SYDENHAM ROAD (See details for further address information), grade II
- DISUSED RESERVOIR, grade II
- PEWLEY COTTAGE, grade II
- SEMAPHORE HOUSE, grade II
Brownfield land registered for housing within 1 km (0.6 miles)
- Inner Court, Pewley Hill, Guildford, GU1 3SP: up to 2 homes, not permissioned (160 m)
- Guildford Adult Education Centre, Sydenham Road, Guildford: up to 15 homes, not permissioned (570 m (0.4 miles))
- Bright Hill Car Park, Sydenham Road, Guildford: up to 50 homes, not permissioned (580 m (0.4 miles))
- Pewley Hill Centre, Guildford, GU1 3SQ: up to 6 homes, not permissioned (600 m (0.4 miles))
- Kingdom Hall, 236 High Street, Guildford: up to 6 homes, not permissioned (630 m (0.4 miles))
- Old Reservoir, Oxford Terrace off Sydenham Road, Guildford: up to 5 homes, not permissioned (630 m (0.4 miles))
- 136-140 High Street, Guildford, GU1 3HJ: up to 8 homes, permissioned (760 m (0.5 miles))
- 12 Albury Road, Guildford, GU1 2BU: up to 6 homes, permissioned (810 m (0.5 miles))
Roadworks
Finished in the last three months
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, temp obstruction 15 minute delay, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, temp obstruction 15 minute delay, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 3 September 2026: SURREY COUNTY COUNCIL, Highway improvement works, some carriageway incursion, on the carriageway (immediate - urgent works)
- 8 June 2026 to 24 July 2026: SOUTHERN GAS NETWORKS PLC, Utility repair and maintenance works, road closure, on the footway, carriageway (major works)
Flood risk
No address in this street's postcodes is in an area at high, medium or low risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water. The rest are in areas at very low risk: less than a 0.1% (1 in 1,000) chance a year.
Rivers and the sea alone: no home is in an area at risk.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: no postcode centre on this street is in flood zone 2 or 3.
Height above sea level
The street's 73 addresses are between 62 m and 116 m above sea level (102 m on average); the ground rises about 54 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GU1 3PT | 100% | 73% | 36% | 0% |
| GU1 3QA | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| GU1 3RJ | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| GU1 3SN | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| GU1 3SP | 100% | 36% | 36% | 0% |
| GU1 3SQ | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| GU1 3SW | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| GU1 3SY | 100% | 100% | 95% | 0% |
| GU1 3TE | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | London Road (Guildford) 869,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 1 km (0.6 miles) |
| Guildford 6.4 million journeys in 2024–25 | 1.4 km (0.8 miles) | |
| Shalford (Surrey) 95,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 2 km (1.2 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 5 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 18 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Pewley Way Charlotteville | 200 m |
| Bus or coach station | Friary Bus Station Guildford | 1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Car parks | 4 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Bright Hill Car Park | 580 m (0.4 miles) |
| EV charging points | 22 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Semaphore Road | 350 m |
| Airport with scheduled flights | London Heathrow Airport LHR | 27.5 km (17 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | 3 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest St. Luke's Surgery | 540 m (0.3 miles) |
| Pharmacies | 4 pharmacies within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Boots | 540 m (0.3 miles) |
| NHS dentists | 11 practices within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Burneston House Dental Practice | 580 m (0.4 miles) |
| Hospital | Mount Alvernia Hospital | 410 m (0.3 miles) |
| Police station | Surrey Police | 720 m (0.4 miles) |
| Cash machines | M&S ATM | 930 m (0.6 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | 6 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Pewley Down Nature Reserve 9.6 ha | 90 m |
| Largest park within 800 m (0.5 miles) | Unnamed 79 ha | 750 m (0.5 miles) |
| Play area | 1 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Unnamed 500 m² | 520 m (0.3 miles) |
| Playing field | Shalford Park 8.5 ha | 810 m (0.5 miles) |
| Allotments | 2 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Pewley Hill Allotments 1.9 ha | 90 m |
Within 800 m (0.5 miles): 6 parks and gardens, 92 hectares in all.
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is Durbins, including the summerhouse, a listed building (Grade II*), 580 m (0.4 miles) south-west. 175 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 11 of them Grade I and 9 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Durbins, including the summerhouse | Listed building, Grade II* | 580 m (0.4 miles) south-west |
| The Grammar School | Listed building, Grade I | 660 m (0.4 miles) north-west |
| Somerset House | Listed building, Grade I | 660 m (0.4 miles) north-west |
| Church of Holy Trinity | Listed building, Grade I | 710 m (0.4 miles) north-west |
| Guildford Castle | Scheduled monument | 730 m (0.5 miles) west |
| Medieval undercroft at 72/74 High Street | Scheduled monument | 850 m (0.5 miles) north-west |
| The Jellicoe Roof Garden, Guildford | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 870 m (0.5 miles) north-west |
| Medieval undercroft remains at Nos 50-52 High Street, Guildford | Scheduled monument | 900 m (0.6 miles) west |
| Merrow Grange | Registered park or garden, Grade II | 2.1 km (1.3 miles) north-east |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| Chantries | Wood | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) south-east |
| Whinny Hill | Hill | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) south-east |
| St Catherine's Hill | Hill | 1.4 km (0.9 miles) south-west |
| Walnut Tree Bottom | Valley | 2.6 km (1.6 miles) east |
| Peas Marsh | Wetland | 3.2 km (2 miles) south-west |
| Postford Pond | Lake or reservoir | 3.7 km (2.3 miles) east |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 9.5 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 7.1 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 10.8 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 60 to 64 | 1 | 0 |
| 55 to 59 | 2 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 70 | 73 |
3 of the street's 73 addresses are modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Guildford: see them on the Guildford page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pewley Down Infant School Church of England | Primary | 4–7 | 330 m | Outstanding (Jul 2024, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Holy Trinity, Guildford, CofE Aided Junior School Church of England | Primary | 7–11 | 420 m (0.3 miles) | No published inspection |
| Sandfield Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) | No published inspection |
| St Nicolas' Church of England Infant School | Primary | 5–7 | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) | No overall grade (Apr 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Good; Personal development: Good; Leadership and management: Good |
| Surrey Maths School | 16 plus | 16–19 | 1.5 km (0.9 miles) | No published inspection |
| Guildford County School | Secondary | 11–18 | 1.6 km (1 mile) | No published inspection |
| St Thomas of Canterbury Catholic Primary School Roman Catholic | Primary | 2–11 | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) | No published inspection |
| Shalford Infant School | Primary | 2–7 | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) | Good (Feb 2023, overall grade under the previous framework) |
| Boxgrove Primary School | Primary | 4–11 | 2 km (1.2 miles) | No overall grade (Jun 2025, graded inspection without an overall judgement): Quality of education: Good; Behaviour and attitudes: Outstanding; Personal development: Outstanding; Leadership and management: Outstanding |
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy Trinity Pewley Down School GU1 3QF | School/college/university | 310 m | 5 Very good | 21 Nov 2024 |
| Food Science Lab (by Healthful) GU1 3QF | School/college/university | 310 m | 5 Very good | 11 Sep 2026 |
| Holy Trinity Pewley Down Infant School GU1 3PT | School/college/university | 320 m | 5 Very good | 4 Jun 2026 |
| Compass at Mount Alvernia Hospital GU1 3LX | Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises | 440 m (0.3 miles) | 5 Very good | 7 Mar 2025 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Burglary | 2 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near Fort Road (2); On or near Pewley Point (1).
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 40 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 16% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 18% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 66% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 34% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 4% | 17% |
| Private rented | 30% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 61% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 4% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 21% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | under 1% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 62% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 19% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 2% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 4% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 14% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 68% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 13% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 67% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 4% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 1% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 91% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 1% | 2% |
Deprivation
The 2 neighbourhoods around this street are in deciles 7 to 10 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- GU1 3SN: 29 addresses of 30 in the postcode
- GU1 3SQ: 15 addresses of 17 in the postcode
- GU1 3SP: 12 addresses of 18 in the postcode
- GU1 3SW: 10 addresses
- GU1 3PT: 2 addresses of 32 in the postcode
- GU1 3RJ: 2 addresses of 13 in the postcode
- GU1 3QA: 1 address of 26 in the postcode
- GU1 3SY: 1 address of 29 in the postcode
- GU1 3TE: 1 address of 19 in the postcode
Nearby streets
Pewley Point · Pewley Way · Northdown Lane · Pewley Bank · Hurst Croft · High Pewley · Wych Elm Rise · Addison Road · Fort Road · Warwick's Bench Lane · Alexandra Place · Semaphore Road
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.