West Strand West Wittering, Chichester
50 addresses across 3 postcodes (PO20), about 640 m (0.4 miles) long, classed as a local access road. USRN 7202388.
- Sales: 31 recorded sales since 1995; in 2025 the median was £3,900,000 across 1 sale.
- Prices and rents: A typical home in Chichester cost £428,364 in August 2026 (-2.7% on a year); private rents averaged £1,340 a month.
- Energy: 22 homes have an energy certificate (B: 6, C: 2, D: 10, E: 3, F: 1).
- Flood: 4 addresses on its postcodes are in areas at high or medium risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water.
- Recorded floods: No recorded flood covers the centre of any of its postcodes.
- Coastal erosion: Part of it is in land the coast is projected to erode by 2105 if defences are not maintained.
- Radon: Up to 5 to 10% of homes in the 1 km squares around it are estimated to be at or above the radon Action Level.
- Traffic: The busiest counted road within 500 m (0.3 miles), the B2179, carries 3,004 motor vehicles a day on average (2025).
- Council tax: Most homes around it are in council tax band G; Band D in Chichester costs £2,470 a year in 2026-27.
- Broadband: Gigabit broadband is available to 94% to 100% of premises.
- Transport: The nearest railway station is Nutbourne, about 8.1 km (5.1 miles) away in a straight line.
- Green space: The nearest park or garden is about 2 km (1.2 miles) away.
- Air: Background air pollution in 2024 was 4.9 µg/m³ of nitrogen dioxide and 5.4 of PM2.5, within UK legal limits.
- Height: Its addresses are 0 to 6 m above sea level.
- Noise: 1 of its 50 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic.
- Doctors: The nearest GP surgery is Witterings Medical Centre, about 1.9 km (1.2 miles) away.
- People: About 740 people lived in the census areas around it in 2021; 77% of households owned their home and 47% of adults held a degree or other higher qualification.
- Crime: 10 crimes were recorded within 250 m between September 2025 and August 2026, most often violence and sexual offences.
- Road safety: 1 collision in which someone was hurt was reported on and around it in 2021 to 2025; 1 involved a pedestrian.
£9.99 The Street Dossier Full Report for a home on West Strand: its own records, questions to ask the seller and everything on this page, in one PDF. Choose the home
House sales on this street
| Year | Sales | Median price | Lowest | Highest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 1 | £3,900,000 | £3,900,000 | £3,900,000 |
| 2023 | 1 | £4,000,000 | £4,000,000 | £4,000,000 |
| 2020 | 2 | £1,872,500 | £1,245,000 | £2,500,000 |
| 2019 | 1 | £580,000 | £580,000 | £580,000 |
| 2017 | 1 | £1,650,000 | £1,650,000 | £1,650,000 |
| 2016 | 1 | £2,620,000 | £2,620,000 | £2,620,000 |
| 2015 | 1 | £1,775,000 | £1,775,000 | £1,775,000 |
| 2013 | 2 | £3,150,000 | £1,999,999 | £4,300,000 |
| 2012 | 1 | £2,700,000 | £2,700,000 | £2,700,000 |
| 2010 | 1 | £1,500,000 | £1,500,000 | £1,500,000 |
| 2009 | 1 | £2,500,000 | £2,500,000 | £2,500,000 |
| 2008 | 1 | £1,440,000 | £1,440,000 | £1,440,000 |
| Date | Address | Type | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 Aug 2007 | BEACHCOMBER PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,250,000 | |
| 5 May 1995 | BREEZELANDS PO20 8AU | Detached | £225,000 | |
| 7 Jul 2009 | COASTER PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,500,000 | |
| 9 May 2008 | FIELDWAY PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,440,000 | |
| 23 Sep 1999 | FIELDWAY PO20 8AU | Detached | £385,000 | |
| 26 Sep 1995 | FIR TREES PO20 8AU | Detached | £320,000 | |
| 30 Nov 2012 | HOPE HOUSE PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,700,000 | |
| 17 Jan 1995 | LADYMEAD COTTAGE PO20 8AU | Detached | £320,000 | |
| 8 Feb 2007 | LANDFALL PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,500,000 | |
| 1 Sep 2020 | LERRYN PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,500,000 | |
| 14 Aug 2013 | MOONGATE PO20 8AU | Detached | £4,300,000 | |
| 26 Jan 2007 | MOONGATE PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,000,000 | |
| 2 Dec 2003 | NABOTH'S VINEYARD PO20 8AU | Detached | £670,000 | |
| 15 Mar 2019 | OVERSANDS PO20 8AU | Detached | £580,000 | |
| 28 Sep 1995 | SANDHOPPERS PO20 8AU | Detached | £300,000 | |
| 31 Jul 2015 | SEA OAKS PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,775,000 | |
| 24 Mar 2016 | SEASALT PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,620,000 | |
| 25 Sep 1996 | SEASCAPE PO20 8AU | Detached | £375,000 | |
| 3 Jul 2017 | SHORE HOUSE PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,650,000 | |
| 24 May 2013 | SPINNINGDALE PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,999,999 | |
| 25 Jun 2007 | SPINNINGDALE PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,600,000 | |
| 21 Oct 2005 | SPINNINGDALE PO20 8AU | Detached | £875,000 | |
| 27 Jul 2010 | THATCHWAYS PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,500,000 | |
| 28 Apr 2006 | THE HOY PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,350,000 | |
| 1 Mar 2007 | VIKINGS PO20 8AU | Detached | £890,000 | |
| 25 Sep 2023 | WHITE GABLES PO20 8AU | Detached | £4,000,000 | |
| 29 Jun 2007 | WHITE HORSES PO20 8AU | Detached | £2,700,000 | |
| 8 Aug 1997 | WHITE MARLEY PO20 8AU | Detached | £525,000 | |
| 10 Mar 2025 | WINDWARD PO20 8AU | Detached | £3,900,000 | |
| 6 Nov 2020 | WINDWARD PO20 8AU | Detached | £1,245,000 | |
| 1 Oct 1996 | WITTERING HOUSE PO20 8AU | Detached | £340,000 |
House prices and rents in Chichester
A typical home in Chichester cost £428,364 in August 2026, 2.7% less than a year before. That is 5% more than five years earlier and 14% more than ten years earlier.
| Home | Typical price, Aug 2026 |
|---|---|
| Detached | £679,148 |
| Semi-detached | £422,502 |
| Terraced | £343,374 |
| Flat or maisonette | £216,221 |
| Bought by a first-time buyer | £335,901 |
Private renters in Chichester paid £1,340 a month on average in September 2026, 3.5% more than a year before. That is 32% more than five years earlier.
| Home | Average rent a month, Sep 2026 |
|---|---|
| One bedroom | £953 |
| Two bedrooms | £1,229 |
| Three bedrooms | £1,517 |
| Four or more bedrooms | £2,130 |
Energy performance certificates
22 homes with a current certificate; median floor area 297 m². Most common: House, detached (20); Bungalow, detached (2). Built: 1967-1975 (6); 1930-1949 (5); 1950-1966 (3). Tenure at assessment: owner-occupied (15); rented (private) (2).
Each home's certificates and sales (22 addresses)
- Chenestone, West Strand, West Wittering
- Coaster, West Strand, West Wittering
- Hermes, West Strand, West Wittering
- Landfall, West Strand, West Wittering
- Lapwings, West Strand, West Wittering
- Lerryn, West Strand, West Wittering
- Loddiswell, West Strand, West Wittering
- Moongate, West Strand, West Wittering
- Pathways, Pound Road, West Wittering
- Seahaven, West Strand, West Wittering
- Sea Oaks, West Strand, West Wittering
- Shore House, West Strand, West Wittering
- Tamarisk, West Strand, West Wittering
- Thatchways, West Strand, West Wittering
- The Hoy, West Strand, West Wittering
- VIKINGS, WEST STRAND, WEST WITTERING
- West House, West Strand, West Wittering
- White Gables, West Strand, West Wittering
- White Marley, West Strand, West Wittering
- Windlestraw, West Strand, West Wittering
- Windward, West Strand, West Wittering
- Wittering House, West Strand, West Wittering
Gas and electricity use
Homes with gas used 20,999 kWh of it on average in 2024, 88% more than the district's 11,183 kWh, and 5,163 kWh of electricity, 37% more than the district's 3,774 kWh. There are gas meters for about 94% of the homes.
| Postcode | Electricity meters | Typical electricity | Gas meters | Typical gas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PO20 8AU | 40 | 4,067 kWh | 39 | 20,178 kWh |
| PO20 8AJ | 30 | 1,925 kWh | 27 | 14,403 kWh |
These are all the homes on each postcode, whatever their size and however many live in them, so they show the kind of homes and heating here rather than what any one home uses. The typical figure is the median: half the homes used less. The district is PO20.
Council tax
What each band costs in Chichester in 2026-27: Band D £2,470 a year on average, including the police, fire and any county and parish charges.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £1,646 | £1,921 | £2,195 | £2,470 | £3,018 | £3,567 | £4,116 | £4,939 |
Homes by band in the neighbourhood around this street: most are in band G (30% of about 900 homes).
Planning and heritage
- Conservation area: yes, West Wittering (council page). Extensions, demolition, some windows and doors, and work on trees need consent.
- Listed buildings on or by this street: none.
- Article 4 direction (removing permitted development rights): none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Tree preservation orders: none recorded, though not every council has published theirs.
- Green belt: no.
Energy projects nearby
No wind turbine or waste plant within 5 km (3.1 miles), and no solar farm, battery site or other project of 1 MW or more within 2 km (1.2 miles), of the street's postcodes, operating or planned.
Roadworks
No street works under way, planned or finished in the last three months on this street, in permits up to 31 October 2026.
Flood risk
Rivers, the sea or surface water: in this street's postcodes, 1 address is in areas at high risk, 3 at medium risk and 13 at low risk. Each address counts once, at the higher of its rivers-and-sea and surface-water risk.
Rivers and the sea alone: of the 67 homes the Environment Agency counts, 0 are in areas at high risk, 3 medium, 9 low and 13 very low.
High: 3.3% (1 in 30) or more chance of flooding a year. Medium: 1% to 3.3%. Low: 0.1% to 1%. Very low: under 0.1%. The rivers and sea figures allow for flood defences. Counts cover whole postcodes, which can include other streets.
Flood zone for planning: at least one postcode centre is in flood zone 2. Zone 2 is between 0.1% and 1% a year from rivers (0.1% and 0.5% from the sea), ignoring defences.
| Postcode | Planning zone | Addresses at high / medium / low risk | Groundwater |
|---|---|---|---|
| PO20 8AU | not in 2 or 3 | 0 / 3 / 8 | unlikely |
| PO20 8AJ | zone 2 | 1 / 0 / 5 | unlikely |
| PO20 8GH | zone 2 |
Recorded floods
No recorded flood covers the centre of any of this street's postcodes.
Recorded floods are where floodwater was seen or surveyed after a flood. Many floods were never mapped, an outline over a postcode's centre does not mean every home in it flooded, and homes outside one may have. Ask the seller whether the home itself has flooded.
Coastal erosion
Part of the street is in land the coast is projected to erode by 2105, if defences are not maintained or built. Lenders and insurers may decline homes in an erosion zone, and no compensation is paid for land lost to the sea.
| Projection | Policy for the frontage | Erosion | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| By 2055, with the shoreline management plan carried out | Managed realignment Selsey Bill to Hurst Spit | up to 37 m | 30 m |
| By 2105, with the shoreline management plan carried out | Managed realignment Selsey Bill to Hurst Spit | up to 102 m | 30 m |
| By 2105, if defences are not maintained or built | No intervention Selsey Bill to Hurst Spit | up to 70 m | Inside it |
Each shoreline management plan sets a policy for each stretch of coast: hold the line (keep defences where they are), managed realignment (let the shore move back in a controlled way), advance the line, or no active intervention. Erosion is the distance the shore may move back, counted from today, for the higher central climate change allowance. The maps are guidance from national modelling, not a survey of any one home; the council's coastal team can say more.
Storm overflows
No storm overflow outlet is within 1 km (0.6 miles) of the street's postcodes.
Coal mining
No postcode centre on the street is in a coalfield: the Mining Remediation Authority records no coal mining risk here.
Radon
The highest radon potential in the 1 km squares around the street's postcodes is 5 to 10%: up to that share of homes there is estimated to be at or above the Action Level of 200 becquerels per cubic metre. At least part of that area is a radon Affected Area, where 1% or more of homes are.
By postcode centre: less than 1% (3); 5 to 10% (1).
Radon is a natural radioactive gas from the ground that can build up indoors; long exposure raises the risk of lung cancer. A three-month test with two small detectors is the only way to know a home's level, and a high level can usually be brought down with a sump or better ventilation. Homes built here in recent decades should have radon protection under the building regulations (basic protection from 3%, full protection from 10%). UKHSA sells a radon report for a single address from its detailed map at ukradon.org.
Historic landfill
No historic landfill site is within 500 m (0.3 miles) of the street's postcodes.
Height above sea level
The street's 50 addresses are between 0 m and 6 m above sea level (5 m on average); the ground rises about 6 m from the lowest to the highest.
Broadband
| Postcode | Superfast (30 Mbit/s+) | Ultrafast (300 Mbit/s+) | Gigabit | Below 10 Mbit/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PO20 8AJ | 94% | 94% | 94% | 0% |
| PO20 8AU | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| PO20 8GH | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Getting around
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Railway stations | Nutbourne 67,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 8.1 km (5.1 miles) |
| Southbourne 229,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 8.3 km (5.2 miles) | |
| Bosham 69,000 journeys in 2024–25 | 8.5 km (5.3 miles) | |
| Bus stops | 0 stops within 400 m (0.2 miles), 5 within 800 m (0.5 miles); nearest Berry Barn Lane West Wittering | 550 m (0.3 miles) |
| Bus or coach station | Beachlands | 6.3 km (3.9 miles) |
| Ferry terminal | West Itchenor Ferry Landing | 4.4 km (2.7 miles) |
| Car parks | Marine Drive Car Park | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) |
| EV charging points | 1 within 1.6 km (1 mile); nearest Summerfield Road | 1.1 km (0.7 miles) |
| Airport with scheduled flights | Southampton Airport SOU | 37.6 km (23 miles) |
| Nearest large airport | London Gatwick Airport LGW | 65.3 km (41 miles) |
Local services
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| GP surgeries | Witterings Medical Centre Good Mar 2019 | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) |
| Pharmacies | Witterings Pharmacy | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) |
| NHS dentists | Rails Lane (Dental Surgery) | 4.7 km (2.9 miles) |
| Hospital | Emsworth Hospital | 8.7 km (5.4 miles) |
| Care homes | Church Farm Care Home Good Feb 2024 | 2.7 km (1.7 miles) |
| Police station | Hayling Island Police Station | 6.1 km (3.8 miles) |
| Cash machines | The Southern Co-Operative East Wittering Cakeham Road, Cakeham Road Cashzone | 2 km (1.2 miles) |
Parks and green space
| Nearest | Distance | |
|---|---|---|
| Park or garden | Unnamed 3,160 m² | 2 km (1.2 miles) |
| Play area | Unnamed 370 m² | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) |
| Playing field | Unnamed 2.3 ha | 1.2 km (0.7 miles) |
| Allotments | Unnamed 1.1 ha | 870 m (0.5 miles) |
Landmarks
The nearest historic landmark is The Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul, a listed building (Grade I), 700 m (0.4 miles) north. 13 listed buildings are within 1 km (0.6 miles), 1 of them Grade I and 1 of them Grade II*.
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| The Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul | Listed building, Grade I | 700 m (0.4 miles) north |
| Cakeham Manor | Listed building, Grade II* | 870 m (0.5 miles) east |
| Cakeham Manor (uninhabited parts) | Scheduled monument | 880 m (0.5 miles) east |
| Name | What it is | From the middle of the street |
|---|---|---|
| West Wittering Beach | Beach | 480 m (0.3 miles) west |
| The Winner | Wetland | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) north-west |
| West Beach | Beach | 1.7 km (1.1 miles) south-east |
| The Spit | Beach | 1.8 km (1.1 miles) north-west |
| Ella Nore | Wetland | 1.9 km (1.2 miles) north |
| Newbarn Copse | Wood | 3.3 km (2 miles) north |
Air quality
| Pollutant | Here | UK limit | WHO guideline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 4.9 | 40 | 10 |
| Fine particles (PM2.5) | 5.4 | 20 | 5 |
| Particles (PM10) | 8.1 | 40 | 15 |
All three are within the UK legal limits; PM2.5 is above the WHO guideline, as in most towns and cities.
Road and rail noise
| Level | Road traffic | Railways |
|---|---|---|
| 55 to 59 | 1 | 0 |
| Under 55 | 49 | 50 |
1 of the street's 50 addresses is modelled at 55 dB or more from road traffic, above the WHO guidelines.
Climate, daylight and earthquakes
Monthly temperatures and rainfall, sunrise and sunset through the year, and earthquakes recorded nearby since 1970 are much the same across the area, so they are worked out once for Chichester: see them on the Chichester page.
Nearest schools
| School | Phase | Ages | Distance | Inspection | Exam results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Wittering Parochial Church of England School | Primary | 4–11 | 750 m (0.5 miles) | Good (Oct 2022, overall grade under the previous framework) | 13% at the expected standard in reading, writing and maths, 0% at the higher standard (2025; 46% in 2024 and 62% in 2023) |
Exam results are from the Department for Education's school performance tables (Explore Education Statistics, Open Government Licence), for all pupils at each school. The middle school in England had 63% at the expected standard at the end of primary school (2025), Attainment 8 of 46.0 at GCSE (2026) and an A level average of C+ (2025). Attainment 8 adds up a pupil's grades in eight GCSEs, with English and maths counted twice (90 is the most), averaged over the school's pupils. Progress 8 compares pupils with others who had the same results at the end of primary school; it is not published for GCSEs in 2025 and 2026, as those pupils sat no primary tests during the pandemic. Small year groups swing from year to year, and figures for very small ones are withheld.
Nurseries and childcare
2 nurseries, pre-schools and clubs within 1.5 km (0.9 miles), the nearest 770 m (0.5 miles) from the middle of the street.
| Provider | Kind | Places | Latest inspection | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active8 Minds - West Wittering PO20 8AJ | Full day care | 40 | Not inspected yet | 770 m (0.5 miles) |
| Wickedly Wonderful PO20 8HH | Sessional day care (over fives) | Not inspected yet | 1.2 km (0.8 miles) |
Ofsted also registers 388 childminders and 67 home childcarers (nannies) in West Sussex. It does not publish their addresses, so they cannot be shown here; the council's family information service lists those taking children.
Food hygiene ratings nearby
| Business | Type | Distance | Rating | Rated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Little Beach Cafe PO20 8AU | Takeaway/sandwich shop | 110 m | 5 Very good | 26 Nov 2025 |
Crime within 250 m
| Category | Crimes |
|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 6 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Vehicle crime | 1 |
Most of these are attached to: On or near West Strand (10).
Road safety
1 collision in which someone was hurt was reported on and around the street in 2021 to 2025: 0 fatal, 0 serious and 1 slight. 1 involved a pedestrian. Most were on roads with a 20 mph limit.
| Year | Collisions | Fatal or serious |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 1 | 0 |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 |
| 2023 | 0 | 0 |
| 2024 | 0 | 0 |
| 2025 | 0 | 0 |
| Date | Severity | Who was hurt | Road | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Jun 2021 13:01 | Slight | 1 person: 1 pedestrian | Minor road, 20 mph | Daylight |
Only collisions in which someone was hurt and which the police were told about are here: damage-only collisions and near misses are not, and some injuries are never reported. Positions are recorded by the police, usually to within a few metres. Each year's figures are published the following September.
Traffic on nearby roads
The busiest counted road within 500 m (0.3 miles) is the B2179, with 3,004 motor vehicles a day on average in 2025, 270 m from the street's postcodes.
| Road | Between | Vehicles a day | Lorries | Ten years before | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B2179 | Not recorded | 3,004 estimated; counted 2024 | 1% | 270 m |
Each figure is the annual average daily flow: the motor vehicles passing the count point, both ways, on an average day of the year. A point is counted by hand on a weekday every few years and estimated from the trend on similar roads in between. Lorries are heavy goods vehicles, as a share of all motor vehicles.
People and work
Who lives here
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 58 | 40 |
| Children under 15 | 12% | 17% |
| Aged 65 and over | 36% | 18% |
Homes
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Owned (outright or with a mortgage) | 77% | 61% |
| Owned outright | 58% | 33% |
| Shared ownership | under 1% | 1% |
| Social rented | 4% | 17% |
| Private rented | 18% | 21% |
Work and commuting
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (16 and over) in work | 49% | 57% |
| Unemployment (of those working or looking for work) | 3% | 6% |
| Retired (of adults) | 38% | 22% |
| Long-term sick or disabled (of adults) | under 1% | 4% |
| Work mainly from home (of those in work) | 50% | 32% |
| Travel to work by car or van | 37% | 48% |
| By train, Underground, metro or tram | 2% | 4% |
| By any public transport, including bus | 3% | 8% |
| On foot or by bicycle | 9% | 10% |
| Work within 10 km (6 miles) of home (of those who travel to work) | 59% | 65% |
| Work 30 km (19 miles) or more away | 20% | 8% |
Education and languages
| Around this street | England | |
|---|---|---|
| Degree or other higher qualification, Level 4+ (of adults) | 47% | 34% |
| No qualifications | 14% | 18% |
| Apprenticeship as highest qualification | 4% | 5% |
| Main language English (aged 3 and over) | 98% | 91% |
| Cannot speak English well or at all | 0% | 2% |
Deprivation
The neighbourhood around this street is in decile 7 of 10 on the English Indices of Deprivation 2025, where 1 is the most deprived tenth of England's 33,755 neighbourhoods and 10 the least.
What has changed
Nothing new since the change feed started on 30 October 2026. New sales and energy certificates, and hygiene ratings, school inspections and flood figures nearby, will be listed here as the sources update.
Postcodes on this street
- PO20 8AU: 45 addresses of 49 in the postcode
- PO20 8AJ: 3 addresses of 103 in the postcode
- PO20 8GH: 2 addresses of 117 in the postcode
All the streets in PO20 and across Chichester.
What this page cannot tell you
- Whether a particular house is at risk of flooding, subsiding or anything else: the flood map is a model of areas and there is no property-level data here.
- What a home is worth now: sales are historic prices for the homes that happened to sell.
- How safe the street is: crime points are moved to anonymised locations and many crimes are never reported; road collisions count only those in which someone was hurt and the police were told.
- Whether you would get a place at a school: distances are straight lines, not catchments.
- Who lives on the street now: census figures describe the small areas around it in March 2021, during a lockdown.
- How long a journey takes or how often anything runs: transport distances are straight lines to the nearest stops.
- Whether a GP practice is taking new patients, or a dentist new NHS patients.
- How loud a home is inside, or noise from industry, neighbours or smaller airfields: noise figures are models of road, rail and air traffic outside.
How each figure on this page is matched to the street and worked out: methodology.